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Anaesthetic FRCA Primary - eLFH Data Interpretation > eLFH - Haematology > Flashcards

eLFH - Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Classification of anaemia

A

Microcytic (MCV < 80 fL)
Normocytic (MCV normal)
Macrocytic (MCV > 96 fL)

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2
Q

Polycythaemia classification

A

Absolute - increased red blood cell mass

Relative - reduced plasma volume e.g. dehydration

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3
Q

Causes of neutrophilia

A

Bacterial infection

Inflammation / necrosis - e.g. MI, trauma

Neoplasms

Corticosteroids

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4
Q

Causes of neutropenia

A

Chemo / radiotherapy

Drug reactions - e.g. carbimazole

Bone marrow infiltration

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5
Q

Causes of lymphocytosis

A

Viral infection

Thyrotoxicosis

CLL

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6
Q

Causes of thrombocythemia

A

Essential thrombocythemia

Inflammation following splenectomy

Malignancy

Acute phase reaction

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7
Q

Causes of thrombocytopenia

A

Artefactual

Idiopathic / Immune

Drugs - e.g. heparin, valproate

HELLP syndrome

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8
Q

Causes of normal platelet count but abnormal function

A

Aspirin

Clopidogrel

von Willebrand’s disease

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9
Q

Causes of microcytic anaemia

A

Iron deficiency - most common

Anaemia of chronic disease (or normocytic)

Thalassaemia

Sideroblastic anaemia

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10
Q

Causes of iron deficiency anaemia

A

Occult bleeding from NSAIDs / Aspirin

GI tumours

Malabsorption - e.g. coeliac, post gastrectomy

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11
Q

Iron study investigations

A

Blood film

Ferritin

Iron level

Transferrin saturations

TIBC (total iron binding capacity) - raised in iron deficiency

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12
Q

Iron deficiency blood film results

A

Microcytic hypochromic RBCs

Anisocytosis - variable size RBCs

Poikilocytosis - variable shape RBCs

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13
Q

Transferrin saturation calculation

A

Transferrin sats = Iron / TIBC

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14
Q

Causes of normocytic anaemia

A

Anaemia of chronic disease

Acute blood loss

Endocrine disorders - e.g. hypothyroidism

Aplastic anaemia

Haemolytic anaemia (or macrocytic)

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15
Q

Difference between sickle cell anaemia and sickle cell trait

A

Sickle cell anaemia are anaemic with high reticulocyte count

Sickle cell trait are not anaemic

Trait have normal growth, exercise tolerance and life expectancy

Trait only get sickle cell crises with extreme hypoxia

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16
Q

Investigations for sickle cell disease

A

Blood film - sickled RBCs

Solubility test - positive in both anaemia and trait

Hb electrophoresis

17
Q

Haemoglobin differences between sickle cell anaemia and sickle cell trait

A
18
Q

Classification of Absolute Polycythaemia

A

Primary

Secondary

19
Q

Primary polycythaemia examples

A

Polycythaemia rubra vera

20
Q

Secondary polycythaemia examples

A

Appropriate increase in erythropoietin - respiratory disease, congenital cyanotic heart disease, high altitude, heavy smoking

Inappropriate increase in EPO - renal, liver, cerebellar tumours

21
Q

Oral iron supplements rate of increase in Hb

A

Raise Hb by around 1 g/dL per week (note units used equivalent to rise by 10 in other units)

22
Q

Causes of prolonged thrombin time

A

Fibrinogen deficiency

Dysfibrinogenaemia

Heparin

DIC

23
Q

Causes of prolonged bleeding time

A

von Willebrand’s disease

Blood vessel defects

Platelet abnormalities

24
Q

Causes of DIC

A

Sepsis

Haemolytic transfusion reactions

Pre-eclampsia

25
Q

Coagulation study results in DIC

A

Low platelets
Low fibrinogen

Elevated PT
Elevated APTT
Elevated TT (thrombin time)
Elevated FDPs

26
Q

Massive transfusion definitions

A

Acute administration > 1.5x patient’s blood volume

or

Replacement of total blood volume within 24 hours

27
Q

Coagulation study results in massive transfusion

A

Low PLTs
Low / Normal fibrinogen

Elevated PT
Elevated APTT

Normal FDPs

28
Q

Causes of Vitamin K deficiency

A

Liver disease

Cholestasis

Warfarin

29
Q

Coagulation study results with Vitamin K deficiency

A

Elevated PT
Elevated APTT

30
Q

Coagulation study results in liver disease

A

Elevated PT
Elevated APTT

Low PLTs

31
Q

Causes of coagulation dysfunction in liver disease

A

Reduced clotting factor synthesis

Reduced PLT synthesis

Vitamin K deficiency

32
Q

Haemophilia A definition

A

Low factor 8

33
Q

Haemophilia B definition

A

Low factor 9

34
Q

Coagulation study results in haemophilia

A

Elevated APTT

35
Q

von Willebrand’s disease definition

A

Low factor 8 : C
and
Low factor 8 : vWF

36
Q

Coagulation study results in von Willebrand’s disease

A

Increased bleeding time

Anaesthetic FRCA Primary - eLFH Data Interpretation (6 decks)

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