Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anaesthetic FRCA Primary - eLFH Data Interpretation > eLFH - Biochemistry > Flashcards

eLFH - Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Classification of hyponatraemia

A

Hypovolaemia

Euvolaemia

Hypervolaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Causes of Hypovolaemic hyponatraemia

A

Diarrhoea

Vomiting

Burns

Diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes of Euvolaemic hyponatraemia

A

SIADH

Hypothyroidism

Addison’s

Post-surgical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causes of Hypervolaemic hyponatraemia

A

Renal failure

Cardiac failure

Liver failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Non clinical differentiation between type of hyponatraemia

A

Hypovolaemia - Urinary Na+ < 20 mmol/L

Hypervolaemia - Urinary Na+ > 20 mmol/L

SIADH - urine osmolality > plasma osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Classification of Hypernatraemia

A

Reduced water intake

Increased water loss

Sodium excess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of hypernatraemia secondary to reduced water intake

A

Impaired thirst

Deficient intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes of hypernatraemia secondary to increased water loss

A

Diabetes insipidus

Osmotic diuresis

Loss from skin / lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Causes of hypernatraemia secondary to sodium excess

A

Iatrogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Classification of hypokalaemia

A

Increased renal excretion

GI losses

Redistribution

Reduced intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of increased renal excretion hypokalaemia

A

Diuretics

Hyperaldosteronism

Mineralocorticoids

Renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of GI losses hypokalaemia

A

Vomiting

Diarrhoea

Ileostomies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Causes of redistribution hypokalaemia

A

Beta agonists

Alkalosis

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of reduced intake hypokalaemia

A

Iatrogenic

Dietary deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Classification of hyperkalamia

A

Reduced renal excretion

Release from cells

Increased K+ load

Spurious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Causes of reduced renal excretion hyperkalaemia

A

Renal failure

Drugs - ACEi, aldosterone antagonists, NSAIDs

Addison’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Causes of release from cells hyperkalaemia

A

Acidosis

DKA

Rhabdomyolysis

Suxamethonium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Causes of increased K+ load hyperkalaemia

A

Potassium chloride

Blood transfusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Causes of spurious hyperkalaemia

A

Blood sample from same arm as infusion fluid

Haemolysis of sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Causes of isolated increase in Urea levels (normal creatinine)

A

High protein diets

Tissue catabolism - trauma, surgery, infection

GI haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Chronic kidney disease staging

A

CKD 1: GFR >90 but evidence of kidney damage

CKD 2: GFR 60 - 90

CKD 3: GFR 30 - 60

CKD 4: GFR 15 - 30

CKD 5: GFR <15 - end stage renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Investigations for renal failure

A

Urine dip

Urine electrolytes

Bloods - usuals + Ca2+, phosphate, uric acid, electrophoresis, autoantibodies, ANCA

Renal imaging

Renal biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Causes if obstructive LFT picture

A

Gallstones

Drugs

Pancreatic tumour

PBC

PSC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Causes of hepatic LFT picture

A

Cirrhosis

Viral hepatitis

Drugs

NASH

Ischaemic liver injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Causes of raised bilirubin

A

Haemolysis - bilirubin is breakdown product of haem metabolism

Defective bilirubin metabolism - Gilbert’s, Hepatobiliary disease

26
Q

Causes of elevated Amino-transferases

A

Hepatocellular damage

ALT more specific to liver

AST also present in skeletal muscle and heart

27
Q

Causes of elevated Alkaline phosphatase

A

Release from cells lining biliary ducts - cholestasis

Also present in bone and placenta

Hence rise in pregnancy, Paget’s and bony metastases

28
Q

Causes of elevated gamma GT

A

Liver microsomal enzyme - induced by alcohol and enzyme inducing drugs

Rises with cholestasis too

29
Q

Causes of low albumin

A

Reduced with impaired synthetic function

Chronic inflammatory disease

Sepsis

Nephrotic syndrome

30
Q

How is toxic metabolite of paracetamol usually cleared

A

Normally inactivated by conjugation in liver

31
Q

Categories of causes of respiratory failure

A

Respiratory centre depression

Airway obstruction

Neuromuscular causes

Chest wall abnormalities

Increased small airways resistance

Decreased lung compliance

32
Q

Causes of respiratory centre depression

A

Sedative / narcotic drugs

CNS injury

CNS infection

33
Q

Causes of airway obstruction

A

OSA

Ludwig’s angina

Tracheal stenosis

34
Q

Causes of neuromuscular disease

A

GBS

Myasthenia gravis

Motor neurone disease

Post-polio

35
Q

Causes of chest wall abnormalities

A

Burns

Flail segment

Kyphoscoliosis

36
Q

Causes of increased small airways resistance

A

COPD

Severe asthma

Bronchiolitis

37
Q

Causes of decreased lung compliance

A

ALI

Pneumonia

Pulmonary oedema

38
Q

Classification of metabolic acidosis

A

High anion gap metabolic acidosis

Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

39
Q

Anion gap calculation

A

Anion gap = [Na+] + [K+] - [Cl-] - [HCO3-]

40
Q

Normal range of anion gap

A

6 to 12 mmol/L

41
Q

Causes of high anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

CAT MUD PILES

Carbon monoxide poisoning
Alcoholic / starvation ketoacidosis
Toluene

Methanol / Metformin
Uraemia
DKA

Paracetamol
Isoniazid
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol
Salicylates

42
Q

Types of lactic acidosis

A

Type A - tissue hypoxia

Type B - metabolic abnormalities

43
Q

Causes of type A lactic acidosis

A

Shock

Hypoxia

CO poisoning

44
Q

Causes of type B lactic acidosis

A

Sepsis

Liver failure

Paracetamol poisoning

Metformin

45
Q

Causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

GI bicarb loss

Renal bicarb loss

Reduced renal H+ excretion

Increased HCl production

46
Q

Causes of GI bicarbonate loss

A

Diarrhoea
Ileostomy

47
Q

Causes of renal bicarbonate loss

A

Acetazolamide
Type 2 renal tubular acidosis
Hyperparathyroidism

48
Q

Causes of reduced renal H+ excretion

A

Type 1 and Type 4 renal tubular acidosis

49
Q

Causes of increased HCl production

A

Ammonium chloride ingestion

50
Q

Causes of respiratory alkalosis

A

Hyperventilation

In acute setting either a response to hypoxaemia or to compensate for metabolic acidosis

51
Q

Causes of chronic respiratory alkalosis

A

Pregnancy

High altitude

Neurotrauma

52
Q

Categories of metabolic alkalosis

A

Renal H+ loss / HCO3- gain

GI H+ loss

Exogenous HCO3-

53
Q

Causes of renal H+ loss / bicarbonate gain

A

Response to rise in PaCO2

Loop / Thiazide diuretics

Cushing’s syndrome

Hyperaldosteronism

54
Q

Causes of GI H+ loss

A

Vomiting

Pyloric stenosis

Villous adenoma

55
Q

Causes of exogenous bicarbonate

A

Sodium bicarbonate administration

Sodium citrate

56
Q

Normal CarboxyHb levels in rural areas

A

< 1%

57
Q

Normal COHb levels in urban areas

A

< 5%

58
Q

Normal COHb levels in smokers

A

< 10%

59
Q

How much higher is Hb affinity for CO compared to O2

A

CO binds to Hb with 210x the affinity that O2 does

60
Q

Clinical features of carbon monoxide poisoning

A

Headache
Confusion
Coma
Seizures
Pulmonary oedema
Arrhythmias

Anaesthetic FRCA Primary - eLFH Data Interpretation (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions