eLFH - Atomic structure

Question 1

Atomic structure

Answer 1

Positively charged nucleus made up of protons and neutrons

Orbitals surrounding the nucleus with electrons

Question 2

Orbital definition

Answer 2

Regions of space around the nucleus where there is high chance of finding an electron

If an electron is in a particular orbital you know about its energy, but not how it is moving within that orbital

Question 3

What makes up atoms

Answer 3

Fermions

‘Matter’ particles

12 types

All have spin value of one half

Question 4

How do Fermions interact

Answer 4

Through force carrying particles called Bosons

Question 5

Types of Fermions

Answer 5

6 Quarks
6 Leptons

Question 6

Types of Quark

Answer 6

Up type (the up, charm and top quarks)

Down type (the down, strange and bottom quarks)

Question 7

Boson definition

Answer 7

Force mediating particles

Spin value of one

Question 8

Types of boson

Answer 8

Photons - mediate electromagnetic forces

Other bosons - W, Z and Higgs

Gluons - 8 types, ‘glue’ quarks together

Question 9

Describing orbitals

Answer 9

Number indicates energy level, letter indicates shape of orbital
E.g 1s, 2p etc

1 is lowest energy moving upwards
s = spherical shape
p = like 2 balloons tied opposite each other across the nucleus

Question 10

Spectroscopic analysis

Answer 10

When electron moves up an orbital, it takes in a photon

When electron moves down an orbital, it emits a photon but with differing amounts of energy

Form spectral lines in visible region of electromagnetic spectrum for hydrogen

Question 11

Ground state

Answer 11

Electrons in the lowest energy orbital

Known as ground state

Question 12

Atomic theory of electrons

Answer 12

Electrons behave both as particles and as waves

Question 13

What makes atoms different from each other

Answer 13

Number of protons

Has equal number of electrons as protons to keep the atom neutrally charged

Question 14

Significance of electron arrangement in the atom

Answer 14

Determines how atom will react with other atoms

Some atoms have electrons in orbitals by themselves that are easily given up, while others have orbitals waiting to be filled to make energy level complete

Question 15

Isotopes of elements

Answer 15

The element with varying number of neutrons

All elements have a most common isotope

Eg. Hydrogen has 1 proton, but isotopes exist where it has 1 neutron + 1 proton, or 2 neutrons + 1 proton

Question 16

Atomic number

Answer 16

Number of protons in the element nucleus

Question 17

Atomic weight

Answer 17

Average weight of the element taking into account all the isotopes with different numbers of neutrons

Atomic weight of an isotope = number of protons + number of neutrons in its nucleus

Neutrons similar mass to protons so affect the weight, but not the atomic number or number of electrons