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Chemistry Salters B Aslevel > Elements of the Sea > Flashcards

Elements of the Sea Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a displacement reaction?

A

A reaction where a more reactive halogen replaces a less reactive ionically bonded halogen

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2
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

A reaction where an element looses electrons and another gains electrons.
Reduction is gain of electrons
Oxidation is loss of electrons

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3
Q

What is a half equation?

A

A reaction which only shows where electrons are being gained and lost. The spectator ions are not included.

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4
Q

What is a spectator ion?

A

An ion that remains unchanged before and after a reaction. It isnt directly involved.

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5
Q

What is an ionic equations?

A

It an equations that has charge symbols and does not include spectator ions.

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6
Q

How do group 7 elements bond?

A

They bond either ionically with group 1 or

covalently with another group 7 element or hydrogen. This is called a diatomic molecule

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7
Q

What are group 7 trends?

A
  • down the group, boiling / melting points increase
  • down the group, they change from liquids to gasses
  • They are more volatile up the group
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8
Q

Which halogen is the strongest oxidising agent? and why?

A

Flourine is the strongest because it is most voltile and reactive.
This is because it wants an electron for its outer shell which is closer to the nucleus which means there is less electron shielding and so there is a greater attraction.

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9
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

An atom that causes something to be reduced. It gives away its electrons.

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10
Q

What is an oxidising agent?

A

An atom that causes another atom to be oxidised. it takes electrons from that other atom.

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11
Q

What happened to the oxidation state when it is:

a) Oxidised?
b) Reduced?

A

a) the oxidation state increases

b) the oxidation state decreases

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12
Q

What is the usual oxidation state of Cl- ?

A

-1 because it has been given an electron

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13
Q

Talk about oxidation states and metals?

A

The oxidation state of a metal can change so to signify it, roman numerals are placed after its name. e.g. Fe(III) or Fe(II)

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14
Q

What is the usual oxidation state of oxygen?

A

-2

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15
Q

What is the usual oxidation state of hydrogen?

A

+1

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16
Q

What happens at the anode during electrolysis?

A

Oxidation happens at the anode because electrons are taken

17
Q

What happens at the cathode during electrolysis?

A

Reduction because the cathode gives electrons

18
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

This is when two reactions occur at the same time. The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction and the concentrations of products and reactants remains constant

19
Q

What is a condition required for something to be in equilibrium?

A

It must be a closed system (so no products can be added or taken out)

20
Q

What is the equilibrium constant?

A

A measure of the position of equilibrium and is based off the values of the analytical concentrations.

21
Q

What does Kc > 1 mean?

A

More products are made than reactants

22
Q

What does Kc < 1 mean?

A

Less products than reactants are made

23
Q

What is the equilibrium constant dependent on?

A

Temperature and pressure

24
Q

What are the benefits to using chlorine?

A

Cleans water
Stops illness
Saves lives

25
Q

What are the risks of chlorine?

A

toxic

reacts with water

26
Q

How is chlorine transported?

A

In specially designed containers with pressure release valves and a hazard warning plate for emergency cervices

27
Q

What is a test used to indicate the presence of chlorine?

A

Ammonia soaked cloth produces ammonium chloride which is a white smoke and indicates a chlorine present

28
Q

What is atom economy?

A

A measure of how efficient a reaction is as a ration of products to reactants

29
Q

What is the equation for atom economy?

A

( RFM Usefull Products / RFM all reactants ) x 100

30
Q

How does sodium floride/chloride react with sulfuric acid?

A

It reacts to make a hydrogen halide and sodium hydrogen sulfate.
NaCl + H2SO4 ==> NaHSO4 + HCl

31
Q

How does sodium bromide react with sulfuric acid?

A

It first reacts to make hydrogen bromide but it is a strong enough oxidising agent to react with the sulfuric acid again and make sulfur dioxide, bromine and water.
NaBr + H2SO4 ==> NaHSO4 + HBr
2H+ + 2Br- + H2SO4 ==> SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O

32
Q

How does sodium iodide react with sulfuric acid?

A

It first reacts to make hydrogen iodide but it is a strong enough oxidising agent to react with the sulfuric acid again and make Hydrogen sulfide , iodine and water.
NaI + H2SO4 ==> NaHSO4 + HI
8H+ + 8I- + H2SO4 ==> H2S + 4I2 + 4H2O

33
Q

How does HCl react with ammonia?

A

It make ammonium chloride

NH3 + HCl ==> NH4Cl

Chemistry Salters B Aslevel (5 decks)

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