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Chemistry Salters B Aslevel > Developing Fuels > Flashcards

Developing Fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you convert between Celsius and Kelvin?

A

Add 273.

0C = 273K

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2
Q

What is the equation of enthalpy change?

A

Q = mcΔT

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3
Q

What is standard conditions?

A

25C or 298K - Temperature
1 atm or 1.01x10^5 Nm^-2 - Pressure
1 MolDm^-3 - Concentration

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4
Q

What is ΔfH°298?

A

Standard enthalpy change of formation

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5
Q

What is ΔcH°298?

A

Standard enthalpy change of combustion

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6
Q

Exothermic reaction change?

A

Negative ΔH

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7
Q

Endothermic reaction change?

A

Posative ΔH

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8
Q

Hess’s Law

A

The enthalpy change for a reaction can be worked out by calculating the enthalpy change of the formation of the reactants and products from their raw states and adding/subtracting them

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9
Q

How many carbons does a gas alkane have?

A

1-4

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10
Q

How many carbons does a liquid alkane have?

A

5-16

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11
Q

How many carbons does a solid alkane have?

A

17+

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12
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Molecules that only contain a hydrogen and a carbon

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13
Q

What is a arene?

A

A molecule that contains a benzene ring

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14
Q

What is the difference between and alkane and a alkene?

A

Alkanes have single bonds

Alkenes have double bonds

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15
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

Alkanes (single bonds)

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16
Q

What is a bond?

A

Electrical attraction between the nucleus of atoms and electrons

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17
Q

What is a heterogeneous catalyst?

A

A catalyst that is a different state from what it is catalysing

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18
Q

What is a homogeneous catalyst?

A

A catalyst that is the same state as what it is catalysing

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19
Q

How much catalyst do you need?

A

Small ammounts

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20
Q

What does a catalyst do?

A

Speeds up the rate of a reaction by decreasing the activation enthalpy allowing more reactants to react

21
Q

What does the double bond in an alkene do to the alkene?

A

It causes the boiling point to increase

22
Q

What does a double bond consist of?

A

A sigma and a pi bond

23
Q

Describe the process for an electrophilic addition reaction?

A

The double bond in the alkene causes there to be a slight negative charge
A bromine bond is attracted to the negative charge so the bromine becomes polarised.
The carbon double bond breaks and bonds with the bromine and the bromine bond breaks filling the outer shell of the other bromine.
The other carbon on the alkene forms a cation and the other bromine is attracted to it and bonds with it.
So an alkane is produced with two bromine atoms attatched.

24
Q

Describe the process for a catalyst reaction

A
  1. The reactants ADSORB to the surface of the catalyst
  2. Then all the bonds in the molecule breaks
  3. The bonds react and reform into the new molecule
  4. The product then deadsorbs from the surface of the catalyst.
25
Q

What is 1dm^3 in cm^3

A

1dm^3 = 1000cm^3

26
Q

What is the ideal gas equation?

A

PV = nRT

Pressure x Volume (M^3) = Moles x Gas constant x temperature

27
Q

What is chain isomerism?

A

This is when the carbons in the carbon chain rearrange and change shape

28
Q

What is positional isomerism?

A

When atoms substituted into the carbon chain are rearranged

29
Q

What is functional group isomerism?

A

Where a functional group moves

30
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Same molecular formula - different arrangement of atoms

31
Q

What is a sterio isomer?

A

When the molecules have the same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in space.

32
Q

How is carbon monoxide converted in a catalytic converter?

A

2CO + O2 ==> 2CO2

33
Q

How are unburnt hydrocarbons converted?

A

C7H16 + 11O2 ==> 7CO2 + 8H2O

34
Q

How is nitrogen monoxide converted in a catalytic converter?

A

2NO + CO ==> N2 + 2CO2

35
Q

How are particles removed from a car engine?

A

With a particulates filter

36
Q

What is the word equation for incomplete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen ==> Carbon Monoxide + water

37
Q

What is the word equation for complete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen ==> Carbondioxide + Water

38
Q

Particulate pollutant

A

Bad for lungs
Burning Coal
Volcanoes

39
Q

Carbon monoxide pollutant

A

Incomplete combustion
Toxic
Photochemical smog

40
Q

Carbon dioxide pollutant

A

Burning Fossil Fuels

Green house effect

41
Q

Nitrogen oxide pollutant

A

Photochemical smog

Acid rain

42
Q

Sulfur dioxide pollutant

A

Toxic

Acid rain

43
Q

VOC pollutants

A

Unburnt fuel

Photochemical smog

44
Q

How is weak acid rain made with sulfur dioxide?

A

SO2 + H2O ==> H2SO3

45
Q

How is strong acid rain made with sulfur dioxide?

A

SO3 + H2O ==> H2SO4

46
Q

How is acid rain made with Nitrogen oxides?

A

2NO + H2O + 1.5O2 ==> 2HNO3

2NO2 + H2O + 0.5O2 ==> 2HNO3

47
Q

What are the benefits of biofuels?

A

Few Particles
No Sulfur emmisions
No net change in CO2 emmisions (Carbon neutral)

48
Q

What are the benefits of hydrogen fuel?

A

Less dense than petrol
No carbon dioxide
Very abundent
Nitros oxides are produced.

Chemistry Salters B Aslevel (5 decks)

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