Elements of Immune System Flashcards
High Neutrophils in a blood count are a sign of what?
Bacterial Infection
High Lymphocytes in a blood count are a sign of what?
Viral Infection
Process of Innate Immunity (Neutrophils)
- Large reserve of neutrophils are stored in bone marrow
- This reserve is released to fight infections
3.. Neutrophils travel to and enter infected tissue - Neutrophils engulf and kill bacteria
- When neutrophils die they are engulfed and degraded by macrophages
Lymph Node
- Function of Afferent Lymphatic Vessel
Brings in antigens and pathogens which are then sent to the lymphoid follicle
What are the two arms of immunity
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Calor
Heat
How do Lymphatics return fluid back into circulation
- Thoracic duct
- Subclavian vein (Neck)
- Venous Circulation
What does the Myeloid Progenitor give rise to?
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
What is Innate Immunity
Passive, The first barrier
- Physical Barriers
- Cells
- Soluble Factors
What is a T-Cell Recptor
Cell surface molecule that recognizes antigens, found only on T-cells
What is an Epitope
Part of the antigens surface that is bound
- Bumps on the antigen surface which can bind to Immunoglobulin/T-Cells
Primary Response vs Secondary Response
Primary Response:
- Lag phase where no production of antibodies despite the introduction of new antibodies
- Eventually will produce new antibodies
- Wanes away pretty quickly
Secondary Response
- No Lag Phase, body remembers the vaccine and its antigens
- Production of new antibodies is potentiated leading to a much stronger response and it wanes much slower
GALT
BALT
MALT
All are Secondary Lymphoid Tissues
- Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
- Bronchial -Associated Lymphoid Tissue
- Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Dolor
Pain
Two Forms of Immunoglobulin
- Cell-surface tethered Form
- Secreted Form
How are Mature Lymphocytes recirculated
- Primary Organs
- Blood Stream
- Populate Secondary Organs
- Use Lymphatic System to get back into blood
- Can get to tissue sites where needed
What are Interferon Cytokines
Group of antiviral glycoproteins that are released from virus-infected cells
Kinds of Bactericidal Factors that aid in immunity
- Hydrochloric Acid
- Phagocyte Cell Lysosomes (Superoxides and H2O2)
- Lysozyme
Recognition Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity
- How long?
- Variance in response?
- Specificity?
- Amplification
- Slow response (days to weeks)
- Variable, different types of responses
- Lots of highly specific specificities
- Improves during response (Is amplified)
Recognition Mechanisms of Innate Immunity
- How long?
- Variance in response?
- Specificity?
- Amplification
- Rapid response (hours)
- Fixed, same type of response
- Limited specificity
- Constant during response (Never amplifies)
What are the four types of pathogens
- Bacteria
- Virus
- Fungi
- Parasites
–> Protozoa
–> Worms
Functio-laesia
Loss of Function
What do Lymphocytes give rise to?
Effector Cells
- Plasma Cells
- Effector T Cells
- NK Cells
Process where Lymphocytes and Pathogens meet in Lymph Nodes
- Naive Lymphocytes arrive at lymph nodes (Arterial Blood)
- Pathogens from site of infection reach lymph node through lymphatics
- Lymphocytes and lymph return to the blood via lymphatics
- Venous blood is returened into the hear
What Leukocytes are located in tissue? How are they formed?
- Dendritic Cell formed from Myeloid Progenitor
- Monocyte formed from Macrophages
- Mast Cells from an Unknown Precursor
What does the Lymphoid Progenitor give rise to?
Lymphocytes
- B Cells
- T Cells
(Occurs in the Blood)
Spleen Function as a Lymphoid Organ
- Filters circulating blood
- Removes old RBC and bacteria
- Site of Antibody production
No Lymphatic Connections, just filters blood
How do Sites of Hematopoietic Activity change over time in Human
1-3 Months: Yolk Sac
3-7 Months: Fetal Liver and Spleen
Past 7 Months: Bone Marrow
What is the Foundational Concept of Inflammation
Can not restore function of affected area until inflammation has been neutralized
What are the Primary Lymphocyte Organs? How do they differ in function
Bone Marrow (B-Cells)
- B and T cells originate here
- B cell will remain here
Thymus (T-Cells)
- T cells will travel from the bone marrow to thymus
What is an Antigen
- Substance capable of inducing a specific immune response
- Molecules that are recognized and bound by immunoglobulins and T-Cell Receptors (Have specificity)
Lymph Node
- Function of Lymphoid Follicle
Contain mainly B Cells which are present with antigens and pathogens
- Cells that are triggered start to rapidly divide at the germinal center
Process of Inflammation (Surface Wound)
- Bacteria enter wound
- Resident effector cells are activated
- Cytokines are secreted
- Vasodilation occurs to make endothelial junctions more leaky
- Fluid, proteins, and inflammatory cells are able to leave blood and enter tissues
- Affected tissues becomes inflamed (Redness, heat, pain, swelling)
What is the common progenitor of Leukocytes
Hematopoietic Stem Cell (Produced in Bone Marrow)
What is a pathogen
An organism with the potential to cause disease
Kinds of Innate Immunity (Soluble Factors)
- Bactericidal Factors
- Complement Proteins
- Interferon Cytokines
Where do Lymphatics originate and what are their function
Originate in connective tissues where they collect any extracellular fluids that leak from blood vessels
- This fluid is then returned into venous circulation
High Eosinophils in a blood count are a sign of what?
Allergy Response
Kinds of Physical Barriers to Infection (3)
Skin
Mucus
Cilia
What is Immunoglobulin?
- Function
- Synthesized where
- Found where
Also known as Ig or Antibody
- A protein with binding activity that can identify and neutralize foreign objects
- Is synthesized by B-Lymphocytes
- Found in serum, body fluids, and tissues
What are
Complement Proteins that aid in immunity
- Serum glycoproteins are activated during an Immune response
- Induce cytotoxicity of foreign organisms
What are the Key Attributes of Adaptive Immunity
- Specificity (Reacts to each antigen)
- Memory (Remembers an encounter with a pathogen producing a faster response next encounter)
- Amplification (Clonal Expansion)
- Modulation (Antibodies can switch isotypes to corresponding with the pathogen)
What are the Secondary Lymphocyte Organs? What are the differences compared to the Primary Lymphocyte Organs
- Spleen
- Adenoids
- Tonsils
- Appendix
- Lymph Nodes
- Peyer’s Patches
It is where the mature lymphocytes are stimulated and respond to pathogens
What does the Erythroid Progenitor give rise to?
- Erythroblasts (Which give rise to erythrocytes)
- Megakaryocytes (Which shed to give rise to platelets)
What is an opportunistic Pathogen
Takes advantage of a body’s weakened defenses to cause illness
Rubor
Redness
What is acquired immunity
Acquired, Protective, Takes time to develop
- Cell-Mediated Immunity
- Humoral Immunity
Tumor
Swelling
What are the different lineages Hematopoietic Stem Cell give rise to
- Lymphoid
- Myeloid
- Erythroid
(All produced in Bone Marrow)
Leukocyte Proportions in a normal smear?
Mostly Neutrophils
