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PHARM 310 > Elements of Immune System > Flashcards

Elements of Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

High Neutrophils in a blood count are a sign of what?

A

Bacterial Infection

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2
Q

High Lymphocytes in a blood count are a sign of what?

A

Viral Infection

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3
Q

Process of Innate Immunity (Neutrophils)

A
  1. Large reserve of neutrophils are stored in bone marrow
  2. This reserve is released to fight infections
    3.. Neutrophils travel to and enter infected tissue
  3. Neutrophils engulf and kill bacteria
  4. When neutrophils die they are engulfed and degraded by macrophages
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4
Q

Lymph Node
- Function of Afferent Lymphatic Vessel

A

Brings in antigens and pathogens which are then sent to the lymphoid follicle

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5
Q

What are the two arms of immunity

A

Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity

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6
Q

Calor

A

Heat

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7
Q

How do Lymphatics return fluid back into circulation

A
  1. Thoracic duct
  2. Subclavian vein (Neck)
  3. Venous Circulation
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8
Q

What does the Myeloid Progenitor give rise to?

A

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes

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9
Q

What is Innate Immunity

A

Passive, The first barrier
- Physical Barriers
- Cells
- Soluble Factors

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10
Q

What is a T-Cell Recptor

A

Cell surface molecule that recognizes antigens, found only on T-cells

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11
Q

What is an Epitope

A

Part of the antigens surface that is bound
- Bumps on the antigen surface which can bind to Immunoglobulin/T-Cells

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12
Q

Primary Response vs Secondary Response

A

Primary Response:
- Lag phase where no production of antibodies despite the introduction of new antibodies
- Eventually will produce new antibodies
- Wanes away pretty quickly

Secondary Response
- No Lag Phase, body remembers the vaccine and its antigens
- Production of new antibodies is potentiated leading to a much stronger response and it wanes much slower

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13
Q

GALT
BALT
MALT

A

All are Secondary Lymphoid Tissues
- Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
- Bronchial -Associated Lymphoid Tissue
- Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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14
Q

Dolor

A

Pain

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15
Q

Two Forms of Immunoglobulin

A
  • Cell-surface tethered Form
  • Secreted Form
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16
Q

How are Mature Lymphocytes recirculated

A
  1. Primary Organs
  2. Blood Stream
  3. Populate Secondary Organs
  4. Use Lymphatic System to get back into blood
  5. Can get to tissue sites where needed
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17
Q

What are Interferon Cytokines

A

Group of antiviral glycoproteins that are released from virus-infected cells

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18
Q

Kinds of Bactericidal Factors that aid in immunity

A
  • Hydrochloric Acid
  • Phagocyte Cell Lysosomes (Superoxides and H2O2)
  • Lysozyme
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19
Q

Recognition Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity
- How long?
- Variance in response?
- Specificity?
- Amplification

A
  • Slow response (days to weeks)
  • Variable, different types of responses
  • Lots of highly specific specificities
  • Improves during response (Is amplified)
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20
Q

Recognition Mechanisms of Innate Immunity
- How long?
- Variance in response?
- Specificity?
- Amplification

A
  • Rapid response (hours)
  • Fixed, same type of response
  • Limited specificity
  • Constant during response (Never amplifies)
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21
Q

What are the four types of pathogens

A
  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
    –> Protozoa
    –> Worms
22
Q

Functio-laesia

A

Loss of Function

23
Q

What do Lymphocytes give rise to?

A

Effector Cells
- Plasma Cells
- Effector T Cells
- NK Cells

24
Q

Process where Lymphocytes and Pathogens meet in Lymph Nodes

A
  1. Naive Lymphocytes arrive at lymph nodes (Arterial Blood)
  2. Pathogens from site of infection reach lymph node through lymphatics
  3. Lymphocytes and lymph return to the blood via lymphatics
  4. Venous blood is returened into the hear
25
Q

What Leukocytes are located in tissue? How are they formed?

A
  • Dendritic Cell formed from Myeloid Progenitor
  • Monocyte formed from Macrophages
  • Mast Cells from an Unknown Precursor
26
Q

What does the Lymphoid Progenitor give rise to?

A

Lymphocytes
- B Cells
- T Cells

(Occurs in the Blood)

27
Q

Spleen Function as a Lymphoid Organ

A
  • Filters circulating blood
  • Removes old RBC and bacteria
  • Site of Antibody production

No Lymphatic Connections, just filters blood

28
Q

How do Sites of Hematopoietic Activity change over time in Human

A

1-3 Months: Yolk Sac
3-7 Months: Fetal Liver and Spleen
Past 7 Months: Bone Marrow

29
Q

What is the Foundational Concept of Inflammation

A

Can not restore function of affected area until inflammation has been neutralized

30
Q

What are the Primary Lymphocyte Organs? How do they differ in function

A

Bone Marrow (B-Cells)
- B and T cells originate here
- B cell will remain here
Thymus (T-Cells)
- T cells will travel from the bone marrow to thymus

31
Q

What is an Antigen

A
  • Substance capable of inducing a specific immune response
  • Molecules that are recognized and bound by immunoglobulins and T-Cell Receptors (Have specificity)
32
Q

Lymph Node
- Function of Lymphoid Follicle

A

Contain mainly B Cells which are present with antigens and pathogens
- Cells that are triggered start to rapidly divide at the germinal center

33
Q

Process of Inflammation (Surface Wound)

A
  1. Bacteria enter wound
  2. Resident effector cells are activated
  3. Cytokines are secreted
  4. Vasodilation occurs to make endothelial junctions more leaky
  5. Fluid, proteins, and inflammatory cells are able to leave blood and enter tissues
  6. Affected tissues becomes inflamed (Redness, heat, pain, swelling)
34
Q

What is the common progenitor of Leukocytes

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cell (Produced in Bone Marrow)

35
Q

What is a pathogen

A

An organism with the potential to cause disease

36
Q

Kinds of Innate Immunity (Soluble Factors)

A
  • Bactericidal Factors
  • Complement Proteins
  • Interferon Cytokines
37
Q

Where do Lymphatics originate and what are their function

A

Originate in connective tissues where they collect any extracellular fluids that leak from blood vessels
- This fluid is then returned into venous circulation

38
Q

High Eosinophils in a blood count are a sign of what?

A

Allergy Response

39
Q

Kinds of Physical Barriers to Infection (3)

A

Skin
Mucus
Cilia

40
Q

What is Immunoglobulin?
- Function
- Synthesized where
- Found where

A

Also known as Ig or Antibody
- A protein with binding activity that can identify and neutralize foreign objects
- Is synthesized by B-Lymphocytes
- Found in serum, body fluids, and tissues

41
Q

What are
Complement Proteins that aid in immunity

A
  1. Serum glycoproteins are activated during an Immune response
  2. Induce cytotoxicity of foreign organisms
42
Q

What are the Key Attributes of Adaptive Immunity

A
  • Specificity (Reacts to each antigen)
  • Memory (Remembers an encounter with a pathogen producing a faster response next encounter)
  • Amplification (Clonal Expansion)
  • Modulation (Antibodies can switch isotypes to corresponding with the pathogen)
43
Q

What are the Secondary Lymphocyte Organs? What are the differences compared to the Primary Lymphocyte Organs

A
  • Spleen
  • Adenoids
  • Tonsils
  • Appendix
  • Lymph Nodes
  • Peyer’s Patches

It is where the mature lymphocytes are stimulated and respond to pathogens

44
Q

What does the Erythroid Progenitor give rise to?

A
  • Erythroblasts (Which give rise to erythrocytes)
  • Megakaryocytes (Which shed to give rise to platelets)
45
Q

What is an opportunistic Pathogen

A

Takes advantage of a body’s weakened defenses to cause illness

46
Q

Rubor

A

Redness

47
Q

What is acquired immunity

A

Acquired, Protective, Takes time to develop
- Cell-Mediated Immunity
- Humoral Immunity

48
Q

Tumor

A

Swelling

49
Q

What are the different lineages Hematopoietic Stem Cell give rise to

A
  • Lymphoid
  • Myeloid
  • Erythroid

(All produced in Bone Marrow)

50
Q

Leukocyte Proportions in a normal smear?

A

Mostly Neutrophils

PHARM 310 (7 decks)

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