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PHARM 310 > Active and Passive Immunization > Flashcards

Active and Passive Immunization Flashcards

1
Q

Vaccine Manufacture
- Bacterial Vaccines

A
  1. Organism grown in broth culture
  2. Is inactivated with formaldehyde or phenol
  3. Bacteria separated by centrifuge
  4. Resuspended in water or 0.9% NaCl for injection
  5. Dialysed to purify
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2
Q

Vaccine Manufacture
- Viral Vaccines

A
  1. Do not grow on inanimate media
  2. Require cell cultures (Embryonic Cells, Human Cells, Monkey Cells)
  3. After growth on culture, virus is separated from host cell
  4. Purified to reduce hypersensitivity reaction
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3
Q

latrogenic Disease
- What is it

A

An illness that has resulted from a medical treatment
- Vaccines with live virus can cause the disease if the virus mutates and regains pathogenicity

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4
Q

Inactivated Vaccines
- What is it

A

Chemicals, Heat, Irradiation are used to kill microorganisms
- Can no longer replicated, not viral anymore

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5
Q

Active Immunization
- What are the different kinds

A
  1. Naturally Acquired
    - From exposure to infection
  2. Artificially Acquired
    - From active immunity (vaccination)
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6
Q

DTP/DTap

A

Mixture of three vaccines that immunize against
- Diphtheria
- Tetanus
- Acellular Pertussis

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7
Q

Inactivated Vaccines
- Examples

A

Influenza, Rabies, Polio

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8
Q

Passive Immunization
- What is it

A

Introduction of antibodies or cells produced by another individual.
- Short lasting
- No formation of immunological memory

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9
Q

Live Vaccines
- Examples

A

Measles, Mumps, Sabin Polio Vaccine

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10
Q

Non-Traditional mRNA Vaccine

A

Modified viral mRNA is used to induce viral protein synthesis and immune response by the immune system

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11
Q

Live Vaccines
- Advantages and Disadvantages

A

Advantages
- Specific and relevant immune response
- Only needs small dose
- Lifelong memory
- Cytotoxic T-Cell induction

Disadvantages
- Can revert into pathogenic form
- Can not be used in immunocompromised

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12
Q

Therapeutic Vaccines
- What is it

A

Activates Immune System to fight:
- Cancer
- Chronic Viral Infection
- Bacterial Infection
- Neurodegenerative Disease
- Autoimmune Disease
- Organ Transplantation

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13
Q

ISCOMs
- What is it

A

Immune Stimulating Compounds
1. ISCOMs enclose peptide
2. ISCOM-APC fuse together and inject antigen into cell

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14
Q

Freund’s Complete Adjuvant
- What is it

A

Suspension of dead mycobacteria in oil and detergent
- Stimulates immune response to weak immunogens (activates macrophages)
- Detergent keeps antigen and oil in suspension
–> Slow release, depot effect

Only used experimentally

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15
Q

mRNA Vaccines
- Process

A
  1. Antigen Expression (In APCs)
  2. DC maturation and migration
  3. Activation of T(FH) and GC B-Cells
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16
Q

Whole Cell vs Acellular Vaccines

A

Whole Cells contain the entire inactivated microorganism

Acellular Vaccines contain only parts or subunits of the organism and/or toxin

17
Q

Live Vaccines
- What is it

A

Chemical, Heat, Irridation is used to attenuate virus

Can also:
1. Pathogen is isolated and grown in human culture cells
2. Virus is then used to infect monkey cells
3. Virus acquires mutations allowing it to grow in monkey cells
4. When re-introduced into patient the virus can no longer grow well (it is attenuated)

18
Q

Toxoid Vaccines
- What is it

A
  • Inactivates endotoxins instead of targeting the bacteria
  • Antigenicity of the toxin still remain

Not enough to cause an immune response
- Must be combined with adjuvant

19
Q

What is a Vaccination

A

Purposeful introduction of an immunogen (antigen) to induce protective immunity against a disease

20
Q

What vaccines provide the best effects

A

Live attenuated viruses provide the closest challenge as a natural pathogen to the immune system
- However, can mutate back into pathogenic form

21
Q

Secondary Exposure

A
  1. Memory B and T-Cells initiate rapid response
  2. IgG antibody dominates
  3. Antibody (IgG) with greater affinity and greater binding strength produces a larger effect
  4. Secondary response lasts longer
22
Q

Aluminum Compounds
- What is it

A

Aluminum phosphate and hydroxide that enhances immunostimulation and antigen slow delivery
- Pain at site of injection

Main vaccine adjuvant

23
Q

What are the primary goals of immunizations

A

To elicit production of neutralizing antibodies and to develop cell mediated immunity

24
Q

mRNA Vaccine
- How does immune system respond

A

Infected Dendritic cells process and load viral antigen on MHC class I and MHC class II

CD4 T-Helper Cells (Lymph Node Follicular Helper) recognizes as viral protein antigen as foreign
- Co-ordinates Germinal Centre B-Cell antibody humoral response

CD8 Cytotoxic T-Cells remove virally infected cells

25
Q

Primary Exposure

A
  1. Antigen is processed and presented on CD4 T-Helper Cells
  2. This process is time consuming (lag phase)
  3. IgM dominates
  4. Delay before more Ag-specific IgG (affinity maturation) isotype response
  5. Downregulation of primary response
  6. Effector cells cleared
26
Q

mRNA Vaccine
- Advantages and Disadvantages

A

Advantages
- Does not use toxic chemicals or cell cultures that can be contaminated
- Short manufacturing time
- Safe vaccine format (mRNA molecule codes for just viral protein antigen, no risk of infection)

Disadvantages
- mRNA is unstable
- Inefficient in vivo delivery

27
Q

Genetically Engineered Live Attenuated Pathogens
- What is it

A

Modifying a virus so it is no longer virulent
- Immune system can still recognize virus

  1. Pathogenic Virus is isolated
  2. Isolate virulence genes
  3. Mutate virulence gene OR Delete virulence gene
  4. Resulting virus is immunogenic and is avirulent.
  5. Avirulent Virus can be used as vaccine
28
Q

Adjuvants
- What is it

A

Insoluble agents that are administered with an antigen to improve its antigenicity

29
Q

What kind of Vaccine is the Polio Vaccine

A

First Dose:
- Inactivated Polio Vaccine

Second Dose
- Live Attenuated Polio Vaccine, given after some immunity has built

30
Q

Active Immunization
- What is it

A

Stimulation of an immune response using an antigen creating immunological memory

31
Q

What do self-amplifying mRNA vaccines encode

A
  1. Antigen of interest
  2. Viral replication machinery
  3. Enables intracellular RNA amplification and lots of intracellular protein expression of antigen

Basically increases expression of virus antigen

32
Q

Passive Immunization
- What are the different kinds

A
  1. Transfer of Antibodies
    - Natural: Mother to fetus
    - Artificial: Antivenom
  2. Transfer of Cells
33
Q

Administration method of Vaccines
- Other Delivery Methods

A

Lipid Micelle Delivery
- Peptide Antigens

Lipid and Polymer
- mRNA Antigens

Transgenic Plants
- Immunogenic proteins that are found in food

34
Q

Administration method of Vaccines

A

Intra-Dermal
Sub-cutaneous
Intramuscular

Oral Vaccine

35
Q

Inactivated Vaccines
- Advantages or Disadvantages

A

Advantages
- Do not become viral again
- Does not use intact cells

Disadvantages
- Have to repeat administration to get effective potentiation
- No induction of Cytotoxic T-Cells

PHARM 310 (8 decks)

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