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GCSE Chemistry > Elements, Compounds and Mixtures > Flashcards

Elements, Compounds and Mixtures Flashcards

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1
Q

Are covalent bonds really strong or really weak?

A

Really strong

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2
Q

Are ionic bonds really strong or really weak?

A

Really strong

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3
Q

Can graphene conduct electricity?

A

yes

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4
Q

Can you see nanoparticles with a light microscope?

A

No, they are too small

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5
Q

Do metals have a high melting point?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Do simple covalent substances need a high or low temperature to melt/boil?

A

Low temperature

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7
Q

Does graphite have a high or low melting point?

A

High due to strong covalent bonds

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8
Q

Give 2 properties of ionic compounds

A

High melting and Boiling point
Conduct electricity when melted or dissolved

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9
Q

Give 3 examples of Giant Covalent Structures.

A

Silicon Dioxide
Diamond
Graphite

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10
Q

Give 3 types of substances covalent bonding can make.

A

Simple molecular substances
Polymers
Giant Covalent Structures

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11
Q

How are anions formed?

A

When non-metals react with a metal to achieve a full outer shell, giving them a negative charge.

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12
Q

How are the atoms arranged in graphite?

A

They are arranged in hexagonal flat sheets, which form layers over one another

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13
Q

How can you model the ions in an ionic compound?

A

with the dot and cross diagram.

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14
Q

How do covalent bonds work?

A

Electrons are shared between atoms, so each gains electrons.

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15
Q

How do ionic compounds form?

A

when a metal reacts with a non-metal, electrons are transferred from the outer shell of the metal to the non-metal. This makes the non-metal an anion and the metal a cation.

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16
Q

How do you conduct crystallisation?

A

1) place solution into evaporation dish
2) heat with water bath
3) once you start seeing some crystals forming after some of the solvent has evaporated, stop heating and leave to cool
4) when it cools more crystals should form
5) then conduct filteration to filter out the crystals

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17
Q

How do you work out moles?

A

mass/ mr

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18
Q

How does ionic bonding work?

A

Electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating to ions of opposite charges. They attract due to their opposite charges and form an ionic bond.

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19
Q

How does metallic bonding work?

A

The atoms give up the electrons in their outermost shell and become cations. The electrostatic forces between the neg. electrons and pos. ions, hold everything together.

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20
Q

How does paper chromatography separate substances?

A

a solution with multiples substances is put onto the baseline and the paper is put in a solvent which is under the baseline. As the solvent travels up, the solution dissolves in the solvent and travels up. The more soluble substances in the solution travel further up the mobile phase than the less soluble ones

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21
Q

How does simple distillation work?

A

The solution is heated, and the liquid evaporates. The evaporated liquid passes through a tube with a water jacket around it. The water jacket has continuous cold water coming in from the bottom and exiting from the top. The water jacket condenses the evaporated liquid and it falls into a beaker

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22
Q

How does the apparatus look for simple distillation?

A

a circular flask with a cork with a temperature which a tube extending from the neck. A water jacket around the extended tube (condenser).

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23
Q

How is a cation formed?

A

when metals react, they lose their outer shell electrons, giving them a positive charge

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24
Q

How many carbon atoms are each carbon atom bonded to in graphite?

A

3 others

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25
Q

How many carbon atoms does buckminsterfullerene have?

A

60

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26
Q

How many electrons can the first shell hold?

A

2

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27
Q

How many electrons can the third shell hold?

A

8

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28
Q

How many other carbon atoms is one carbon atom bonded to in diamond?

A

4 other carbon atoms

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29
Q

What 2 elements is steel usually made from?

A

Mostly iron, and some carbon

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30
Q

What are 2 alloptropes of carbon?

A

Diamond and Grpahite

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31
Q

What are 2 properties of giant covalent structures?

A

Very strong
High melting/boiling point

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32
Q

What are 2 features of the fractionating column?

A

it is full of glass rods
cooler at the top than at the bottom

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33
Q

What are 2 ways to separate a solution?

A

evaporation and crystallisation

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34
Q

What are 4 examples of formulations?

A

fuels, cleaning agents, paint, medicines, alloys, fertilisers

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35
Q

What are formulations?

A

mixtures that have been prepared using a specific formula

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36
Q

What are fullerenes?

A

Graphene bent into tubes or spheres

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37
Q

What are group 0 elements called?

A

Noble Gases

38
Q

What are group 7 elements called?

A

Halogens

39
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long chains of repeating monomers

40
Q

What are the 2 types of distillation?

A

simple and fractional

41
Q

What are the 3 types of bonding?

A

Metallic, Ionic, Covalent

42
Q

What can scientists use sphereical fullerenes for?

A

They can form shperes around other molecules like drugs to act as a cage to deliver the drugs to a specific part of the body

43
Q

What can the tube fullerenes be used for?

A

They can be used to strengthen other materials like tennis racquets as they have are very long and thin, which allows them to add a lot of strength with little weight

44
Q

What do atoms need in order to be stable?

A

A full outer shell

45
Q

What does filtration separate?

A

an insoluble solid from a liquid

46
Q

What does inert mean?

A

Non-reactive

47
Q

What does the atomic number show?

A

Amount of protons

48
Q

What does the mass number show?

A

Amount of neutrons + protons

49
Q

What happens to the melting and boiling points when there are impurities in your sample?

A

The melting point decreases, and the boiling point increases

50
Q

What is a giant ionic lattice?

A

ionic compounds in their solid state, which contain regularly arranged anions and cations

51
Q

What is a key feature of nanoparticles?

A

They have a very large surface area to volume ratio

52
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

A substance that only contains one type of element or compound

53
Q

What is a pro and a con of evaporation as a separation technique?

A

pro: quick and easy to evaporate solvent
con: some solids decompose when heated

54
Q

What is a single layer of graphite called?

A

Graphene

55
Q

What is an allotrope?

A

Different structural forms of the same elemnt in the same physical state

56
Q

What is a stationary phase in chromatography?

A

a substance molecules cant move through

57
Q

What is an alloy?

A

A mixture of a metal and at least one other element

58
Q

What is another name for group 1 elements?

A

Alkali Metals

59
Q

What is simple distillation used for?

A

to separate out a liquid from a solution

60
Q

What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?

A

a molecule is 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds, but a compound is 2 or more different elements held together by chemical bonds

61
Q

What is the difference between the melting and boiling points of pure and impure substances?

A

impure substances boil over a range of temperatures, whereas pure substances boil at a certain temperature

62
Q

What is the formula of buckminsterfullerene?

A

C60

63
Q

What is the mobile phase in chromatography?

A

The substance that the molecules can move in

64
Q

What is the Rf value?

A

distance travelled by the substance / distance travelled by the solvent

65
Q

What is the size of a nanoparticle?

A

1nm - 100nm

66
Q

What is the symbol and ionic charge of Nitrate?

A

NO3 1-

67
Q

What is the symbol and ionic charge of Sulphate?

A

SO4 2-

68
Q

what is thermal decomposition?

A

When solids break down when heated

69
Q

What kind of technology are fullerenes used in?

A

Nanotechnology

70
Q

What type of atoms do covalent compounds contain?

A

multiple non-metal atoms

71
Q

What type of atoms do ionic compounds contain?

A

at least on metal and one non-metal.

72
Q

What type of atoms do metallic compounds contain?

A

multiple metal atoms

73
Q

What type of structures are diamond and graphite?

A

Giant Covalent Structures

74
Q

What was one of the first fullerenes made?

A

Buckminsterfullerene

75
Q

What would be the mobile phase in paper chromatography?

A

the solvent used

76
Q

When is fractional distillation used?

A

when the misture has multiple liquids with similar boiling points

77
Q

Which covalent structure conducts electricity?

A

graphite

78
Q

Which nanoparticles are known to have anti-bacterial properties?

A

nanoparticles containing silver

79
Q

Why are alloys less malleable and stronger than pure metals?

A

The regular structure is disturbed by the different sized atoms of different elements, so the layers can’t slide over one another as easily

80
Q

Why are metals malleable?

A

They have a regular structure, so the layers can slides over one another.

81
Q

Why can fullerenes be used as industrial catalysts?

A

They have a high surface area : volume ratio

82
Q

Why can graphite conduct heat and electricity?

A

The carbon atoms are only bonded to 3 other carbon atoms in graphite. This means they each have one spare electron which becomes de-localised. Becuase of this de-localised electron, electricity and heat can be conducted

83
Q

Why can ionic compounds only conduct electricity when molten or dissolved?

A

The ions become free to move around so they can carry the charge

84
Q

Why do atoms want to react?

A

They don’t have a full outer shell, so by reacting, they will gain or lose enough electrons to get a full outer shell

85
Q

Why do covalent structure not conduct electricity?

A

There are no ions present so they cannot conduct electricity

86
Q

Why do metals conduct electricity and heat?

A

they have delocalised electrons which can carry the charge

87
Q

Why do simple covalent substances only need a low temp. to melt/boil?

A

covalent bonds are strong but to melt or boil simple covalent substances you only need to break the weak intermolecular forces between each molecule.

88
Q

why does diamond not conduct electricity?

A

The atoms are covalently bonded so there are no free ions to carry the charge

89
Q

Why is graphite soft?

A

The the layers of carbon atoms are held together weakly as there are no covalent bonds between them. This means that they can slide over one another.

90
Q

Why is the fractionating column full of little glass rods?

A

they provide a high surface area

91
Q
A

GCSE Chemistry (7 decks)

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