Elementary Statistics

Question 1

Is the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

Is a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values

Answer 2

Variable

Question 3

A collection of data values
(each value in the data set)

Answer 3

Datum

Question 4

Consists of the collection, organization, summarization and presentation of data

Answer 4

Descriptive statistics

Question 5

Consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables and making predictions

Answer 5

Inferential statistics

Question 6

The chance of a event occurring

Answer 6

Probability

Question 7

Consists of all subjects (human or otherwise) that are being studied

Answer 7

Population

Question 8

A group of subjects selected from a population

Answer 8

Sample

Question 9

A decision making process for evaluating claims about a population, based on information obtained from samples.

Answer 9

Hypothesis testing

Question 10

Variables that can be placed into distinct categories according to a characteristic or attitude
(E.g., gender, religion)

Answer 10

Qualitative variable

Question 11

Variable that can be ordered and ranked
(E.g., age, weight)

Answer 11

Quantitative

Question 12

Variables assume values that can be counted

Answer 12

Discrete

Question 13

Variable can assume an infinite number of values between any two specific values. Obtained by measuring and often include fractions and decimals

Answer 13

Continuous variable

Question 14

Classifies data into mutually exclusive (no overlap) categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data (e.g., marital status)

Answer 14

Nominal level of measurement

Question 15

Classifies data into categories that can be ranked, however precise differences between ranks does not exist.
(E.g., rankings in a class race, letter grades)

Answer 15

Ordinal level of measurement

Question 16

Ranks data and precise differences between units of measure do exist. Does not have a meaningful zero.

Answer 16

Interval level of measurement

Question 17

Possesses all the characteristics of interval measurements and there exists a true zero
True ratios exist when the same variable is measured on two different members of the population

Answer 17

Ratio level of measurement

Question 18

Sampling method:

Subjects are selected by random numbers

Answer 18

Random

Question 19

Sampling method:
Subjects are selected by using every nth number after the first subject is randomly selected.

Answer 19

Systematic

Question 20

Sampling method:
Subjects are selected by dividing up the population in groups (strata) and randomly selected within groups

Answer 20

Stratified

Question 21

Sampling method:

Subjects are selected by using an intact group that is representative of the population

Answer 21

Cluster

Question 22

Is a conjecture about a population parameter. This may or may not be true.

Answer 22

Statistical hypothesis

Question 23

Statistical hypothesis that states there is no difference between a parameter and a specific value.

Answer 23

Null hypothesis

Question 24

Statistical hypothesis that states the existence of a difference between a parameter and a specific value.

Answer 24

Alternative hypothesis

Question 25

Uses the data obtained from a sample to make a decision about whether the null hypothesis should be rejected

Answer 25

Statistical test (The value obtained is called the test value)

Question 26

Occurs if you reject the null hypothesis when it is true

Answer 26

Type 1 error (False positive)

Question 27

Occurs if you do not reject the null hypothesis when it is false

Answer 27

Type 2 error (False negative)

Question 28

If the defendant is innocent and is convicted of the crime, the result would be:

Answer 28

A type 1 error (False positive)

Question 29

If the defendant is innocent and is convicted of the crime, the result would be:

Answer 29

A type 1 error (False positive)

Question 30

The maximum probability of committing a type 1 error (alpha)

Answer 30

Level of significance

Question 31

Probability of a type 2 error is symbolized by:

Answer 31

The Greek letter beta

Question 32

Separates the critical range from the noncritical region Symbol is C.V.

Answer 32

Critical value

Question 33

Range of values of the test value that indicates that there is a significant difference and that the null hypothesis should be rejected

Answer 33

Critical or rejection region

Question 34

Range of values of the test value that indicates that thr difference was probably due to chance and that the null hypothesis should not be rejected

Answer 34

Noncritical or non-rejection region

Question 35

Indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected when the test value is in the critical region on one side of the mean.

Answer 35

One tailed test (Either a right tailed or left tailed test depending on the direction of the inequality of the alternative hypothesis