Element 7 Flashcards
Child Development
What are gross motor skills and some examples? (7.1)
Gross motor skills are large whole body movements. This includes running, jumping and climbing.
What are fine motor skills and some examples? (7.1)
Fine motor skills are small precise movements. This includes movements in the fingers, toes and face, hand-eye co-ordination, pinching and threading.
What type of development is important for ages 0-3? (7.1)
Social and Emotional development
What type of development includes relationships with others? (7.1)
Social developement.
What type of development includes our identity and feelings? (7.1)
Emotional development.
Following instructions are involved in what type of development? (7.1)
Cognitive development.
What does Cognitive Development mean and what’s involved? (7.1)
How we think, learn, remember and use information. Hypothesis, understanding, thinking, memory, recall, brain development, problem solving and knowledge.
What is the Theory of Mind? (7.1)
A part of cognitive development where a child will begin to understand the other point of view and develop empathy. Children will also begin to understand how others may be different and have different beliefs to themselves. This usually happens at 3-4 years old.
According to Jean Piaget, what is a schema? (7.1)
A schema is a pattern of thought or behaviour.
What was Jean Piaget’s theory? (7.1)
His theory was that children sort the knowledge they gain through experience and interactions (schemas). New information can be assimilated into existing schemas or accommodated through changing existing schema.
What does assimilation mean? (7.1)
The child constructs a theory/schema.
What does accommodation mean? (7.1)
The child changes the original schema to fit the new experience or piece of information.
What happens in the Sensorimotor stage (Piaget)? (7.1)
0-2 years. First schemas are physical. Learn to repeat actions. Object permanence at 8-9 months (looking for an object). Start using symbols.
What happens in the Pre-operational stage (Piaget)? (7.1)
2-7 years. Constantly using symbols when in play. Assume their experience is universal (ego centrism). Draw objects with emotion (animism).
What happens in the Concrete stage (Piaget)? (7.1)
7-11 years. If an object is reorded, the quantity remains the same (conservation), understand rules, use experiences to solve problems.
What happens in the Formal stage (Piaget)? (7.1)
11-15 years. Manipulate thoughts and ideas to solve problems and the ability to hypothesise.
What are the criticisms of Piaget? (7.1)
The stages are fixed, there is no guarantee that people develop through all stages, development isn’t an automatic biological process and he ignored different kinds of thinking.
Who is John Bowlby? (7.2)
A British psychologist who explored the behavioural and psychological consequences of strong and weak emotional bonds between mothers and
young children. He also focused on how mental health and behavioural problems could be linked to early childhood.
What was Bowlby’s theory? (7.2)
Babies are born with the innate need to form an attachment to their primary caregiver.
What are some of the criticisms of Bowlby’s theory? (7.2)
Favours the mother over the father and the idea of monotropy (a single bond)
What happens during the Pre-Attachment phase (Bowlby)? (7.2)
Recognise caregiver but no attachment has been formed, when basic needs are provided an attachment starts.
What happens during the Indiscriminate phase (Bowlby)? (7.2)
Infants show distinct preference to primary caregiver or sometimes secondary caregiver.
What happens during the Discriminate phase (Bowlby)? (7.2)
Strong attachment to one caregiver, experience separation anxiety when apart.
What happens during the Multi- Attachment phase (Bowlby)? (7.2)
Children begin to form strong attachments to people beyond their primary caregiver.
What is Maternal Deprivation? (7.2)
The separation or loss of the mother as well as the failure to develop an attachment.
What are the potential consequences of maternal deprivation? (7.2)
Delinquency, reduced intelligence, increased aggression, depression, affectionless psychopathy, lacking depth, see self as undeserving, incapable of change, exhibit poor control and a lack of trust.
What are the three Separation Anxiety stages and what occurs during each stage? (7.2)
Protest: crying, screaming and very distressed.
Despair: withdrawn and very quiet.
Detachment: give up on attachment and avoid contact.
Who is Mary Ainsworth? (7.2)
An American child psychologist who believed mothers were more sensitive to the child’s needs.
What is the Strange Situation? (7.2)
It measures the security of an attachment in children aged one to two.
What are the types of attachments concluded from the Strange Situation? (7.2)
Secure (70%): relaxed with stranger and parent, distressed when parent leaves, happy to reunite.
Insecure Avoidant (15%): no interest when parted when parent leaves, happily plays stranger, ignores parent once they return.
Insecure Ambivalent (15%): distress when parent leaves, fears stranger , rejects contact with parent once they return.
Disorganised ( <4%): inconsistent.
What were the criticisms of Ainsworth’s theory? (7.2)
Babies and toddlers being left with strangers may affect their responses, previous life experience may effect the experiment and from birth some babies are easier to settle from crying from others.
What was Harlow’s Monkeys (1958)? (7.2)
An experiment where a baby monkey was placed in a cage with a monkey made from cloth and a monkey made from wire with a bottle of milk.
What did the monkey experiment show about attachment? (7.2)
The need for comfort trumps the need for survival as the baby monkey would cling to the cloth mother.
Roughly, how long would the baby monkey stay with each monkey model? (7.2)
Cloth monkey: 17-18 hours a day
Wire monkey: <1 hour a day
What was the criticisms of Harlow’s Monkeys? (7.2)
Clinging is a matter of survival in monkeys, not humans. The experiment was cruel and unethical.
What was the Romanian Orphan study and who conducted it? (7.2)
The Romanian Orphan study was conducted by Michael Rutter and included 11 orphans who were adopted before age 2. Rutter’s study revealed that deprivation and privation can effect a child’s IQ and development.
What does privation mean? (7.2)
Children who never formed attachments.
What does deprivation mean? (7.2)
A complete lack of or a severed attachment.
What did the Romanian Orphan study say about attachment theory? (7.2)
It said that if a child was adopted earlier, there would be less chance of a stunted development.
Why would children in an orphanage experience deprivation? (7.2)
There are many carers and can’t make strong attachments.
What was the only criticism of Rutter’s study? (7.2)
The group was too small.
What was Schaffer and Emerson’s study? (7.2)
They studied 60 babies at monthly intervals for the first 18 months. Interactions with parents are analysed for if and when infants display separation anxiety.
What is Stage 1 of Schaffer and Emerson’s study and when does it happen? (7.2)
Asocial (0 to 6 weeks): similar responses to objects and people, preference for faces/eyes.
What is Stage 2 of Schaffer and Emerson’s study and when does it happen? (7.2)
Indiscriminate (6 weeks to 6 months): preference for human company, ability to distinguish between people, comforted indiscriminately.
What is Stage 3 of Schaffer and Emerson’s study and when does it happen? (7.2)
Specific (7+ months): show preference for one caregiver, separation anxiety, looks for particular people to comfort them.
What is Stage 4 of Schaffer and Emerson’s study and when does it happen? (7.2)
Multiple (10/11+ months): attachment behaviours are displayed towards several people.
What is Stranger Anxiety? (7.2)
Being fearful of unfamiliar adults.
What is social referencing? (7.2)
When babies/young children look at their parents to help them respond.
What is expressive language? (7.3)
The use of words, sentences, gestures and writing to convey meaning to others.
What are some examples of expressive language? (7.3)
Passing on messages with accurate information, facial expressions and retelling a story.
What are the ages for expressive language to develop and what happens? (7.3)
6 weeks: babies will coo.
3 months: makes happy sounds when spoken to.
6 months: babies will repeat sounds and laugh when happy.
9 months: makes sounds to gain attention and baby will babble for longer periods when alone.
12 months: babbling is tuneful and the baby will raise its voice to get attention.
What is receptive language? (7.3)
The ability to understand and comprehend the spoken language that you and children hear or read.
What are some examples of receptive language? (7.3)
Making predictions, reading, answering questions and understanding vocab.
What are the ages for receptive language to develop and what happens? (7.3)
6 weeks: recognise parents voice, calms down if crying and turns to look at the speakers face.
3 months: can be soothed quickly when adult talks and holds baby.
6 months: turns to look at parent if hears voice across the room.
9 months: understands two or three phrases used frequently by adults.
12 months: can follow simple instructions when alongside visual cues, understands words frequently used in routines.
What was Noam Chomsky’s hypothesis? (7.3)
All children are born with a LAD.
What is a LAD and what does it mean? (7.3)
A Language Acquisition Device. It’s a system that children are born with which help them learn language.
What is the definition of Play? (7.4)
Children interacting with their environment and using their imagination.
What happens in Unoccupied play? (7.4)
0-3 months, lacks social interaction, objects and language, observe the world and move their bodies.
What happens in Solitary Play? (7.4)
3 months-2 1/2 years, plays alone, more focused on the activity.
What happens in Onlooker play? (7.4)
2 1/2 years-3 1/2 years, watching others play, show interest and engage socially.
What happens in Parallel play? (7.4)
3 1/2 years-4 years, play independently in the same area, have own goals, limited communication.
What happens in Associative play? (7.4)
4 years-4 1/2 years, socially engaged with peers but activity isn’t communal, share materials and ideas, own activity.
What happens in Cooperative play? (7.4)
4 1/2 onwards, social and organised, share a goal and work it out, taking turns.
What happens at Level 0 of Selman’s stages of friendship? (7.5)
Momentary physical interaction, 3-6 years, play with others according to circumstance and not deep feelings.
What happens at Level 1 of Selman’s stages of friendship? (7.5)
One-way assistance, 5-9 years, friends do nice things but not understanding that it works both ways, desire to have friends, may play with someone who isn’t nice to them.
What happens at Level 2 of Selman’s stages of friendship? (7.5)
Two-way fair-weather cooperation, 7-12 years, expectation that friends will repay favour or gift, friendship may end if the child feels like they aren’t getting anything in return.
What happens at Level 3 of Selman’s stages of friendship? (7.5)
Intimate mutual sharing, 8-15 years, acts of kindness occur without expecting anything back, high levels of trust and loyalty, jealousy if friends have other friends.
What happens at Level 4 of Selman’s stages of friendship? (7.5)
Mature friendship (autonomous interdependence), 12+ years, ability to accept others and be accepted, recognise differences between friends and that they will have other friends.
What did psychologists Tajfel and Turner study? (7.5)
Inter group behaviour and conflict between groups. They also look at how being apart of a group impacted self-esteem.
What is self-esteem? (7.5)
How we value ourselves.
What is an “in-group”? (7.5)
A group that someone feels they belong to.
What is an “out-group”? (7.5)
A group that someone isn’t apart of.
What is stage one of social identity and what does it involve? (7.5)
Categorisation: deciding with group you belong to and recognising differences in others.
What is stage two of social identity and what does it involve? (7.5)
Social Identification: the group you’re in determines your self worth, actions reflect the group.
What is stage three of social identity and what does it involve? (7.5)
Social Comparison: own self concept become mixed in with the perceptions of group membership.
How can friendships impact mental health? (7.5)
Having difficulties in making friends or having groups that aren’t supportive can negatively affect mental health.
How can friendships impact resilience? (7.5)
Friends can provide support to problems.
How can friendships impact social skills? (7.5)
You can learn social skills and boundaries through friendships.
How can friendships impact self-concept? (7.5)
Positive self-concept is more likely in a supportive friendship.
How can friendships impact self-esteem/confidence? (7.5)
Children in supportive friendships are more likely to have higher self-esteem/confidence.
How can friendships impact SEND? (7.5)
Friendships may provide mutual support, especially if they have similar needs.
What does ‘transition’ mean? (7.6)
A change or interruption in a child/young person’s life.
What is an Expected Transition? (7.6)
When a change happens in a child/ young person’s life which they are ready for.
What is an Unexpected Transition? (7.6)
When a change happens in a child/ young person’s life which they aren’t ready for.
What are some examples of an Expected Transition? (7.6)
Puberty, gender transition, moving house.
What are some examples of an Unexpected Transition? (7.6)
Divorce, new relationship or friendship, bereavement.
What was Colwyn Tervarthen’s theory? (7.2/7.5)
Believed that through close and lively interactions, babies can learn to communicate through interactions with other people.
What research technique did Tervarthen pioneer? (7.2/7.5)
Filming infants to capture intersubjectivity to help understand how infants develop strategies for communication and social awareness.
What is intersubjectivity? (7.2/7.5)
The exchange of thoughts and feelings between through two people.
What were Tervarthen’s key ideas? (7.2/7.5)
The human brain is purposeful and elastic (not plastic), babies are born with rhythmic sense, babies discover the essence of communication via movement and musicality and to learn from other people.
What SEN need did Trevarthen describe as ‘the lack of innate intersubjectivity’? (7.2/7.5)
Autism.
