electrophoretic patterns of serum proteins

Question 1

dye

• principle: albumin binds to dye; cause shift in absorption maximum
• comment: sensistive; overestimates low albumin levels; most commonly used dye

Answer 1

BCG

Question 2

method

• principle: digestion of protein; measurement of nitrogen content
• comment: reference methods; assume average nitrogen content of 16%

Answer 2

kjeldahl

Question 3

method

• principle: globulins are precipitated in high salt concentrations; albumin in supernatant is quantitated by biuret reaction
• comment: labor intensive

Answer 3

salt precipitation

Question 4

dye

• principle: albumin binds to dye; cause shift in absorption maximum
• comment: specific, sensitive, precise

Answer 4

BCP

Question 5

• performed when an abnormality in the total protein or albumin is found
• principle: separation of proteins based on their charge density
• regions are stained using: coomassie blue, amido black, ponceau S and acid blue stain

Answer 5

protein electrophoresis

Question 6

method

• principle: proteins binds to dye and causes a spectral shift in the absorbance maximum if the dye
• comment: research use

Answer 6

dye binding

Question 7

dye

• principle: albumin binds to dye; cause shift in absorption maximum
• comment: many interferences (salicylates, bilirubin)

Answer 7

HABA

Question 8

dye

• principle: proteins eparated based on electric charge
• comment: accurate; gives overview of relative changes in different protein fractions

Answer 8

electrophoresis

Question 9

method

• principle: measurement of refractive index due to solutes in serum
• comment: rapid and simple: assume nonprotein solids are present in same concentration as in the calibrating serum

Answer 9

refractometry

Question 10

• Total protein level less than the reference interval
• occurs in any condition where a negative nitrogen balance exists (excessive loss, decreased intake, decreased synthesis, accelerated catabolism)

Answer 10

hypoproteinemia

Question 11

method

• principle: formation of violet-colored chelate between Cu2+ ions and peptide bonds
• comment: routine method; requires at least two peptide bonds and an alkaline medium

Answer 11

biuret

Question 12

• share the property of showing elevations in concentrations in response to stressful or inflammatory states that occur with infection, injury, surgery, trauma, or other tissue necrosis.
• They include AAT, orosomucoid, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, serum amyloid A protein, and CRP. Others are Factor VIII, ferritin, Lipoproteins, complement proteins, and immunoglobulin

Answer 12

acute phase reactants

Question 13

dye

• principle: albumin binds to dye; causes shift in absorption maximum
• comment: nonspecific for albumin

Answer 13

methyl orange

Question 14

• Increase in total plasma proteins
• Not an actual disease state but is the result of dehydration
• When excess water is lost from the vascular system, the proteins, because of their size, remain within the blood vessels
• May also be cause by excessive production, primarily of gamma- globulin e.g. multiple myeloma

Answer 14

hyperproteinemia