Electronics Flashcards
Type of electrical current, in which the direction of the flow of electrons switches back and forth at regular intervals or cycles.
Current flowing in power lines and normal household electricity that comes from a wall outlet is ___. The standard current used in the U.S. is 60 cycles per second (i.e. a frequency of 60 Hz); in Europe and most other parts of the world it is 50 cycles per second (i.e. a frequency of 50 Hz.).
Alternating Current (AC)
The ___ of a periodic variable is a measure of its change over a single period (such as time or spatial period). There are various definitions of ___, which are all functions of the magnitude of the difference between the variable’s extreme values. In older texts the phase is sometimes called the ___.
Amplitude
For signals that have not been digitized, as in legacy radio, telephone, radar, and television systems.
Analog signal processing
Is an integrated circuit (IC) customized for a particular use, rather than intended for general-purpose use. For example, a chip designed to run in a digital voice recorder or a high-efficiency bitcoin miner is an ___. Application-specific standard products (ASSPs) are intermediate between ___ and industry standard integrated circuits like the 7400 series or the 4000 series.
As feature sizes have shrunk and design tools improved over the years, the maximum complexity (and hence functionality) possible in an ___ has grown from 5,000 logic gates to over 100 million. Modern ___ often include entire microprocessors, memory blocks including ROM, RAM, EEPROM, flash memory and other large building blocks. Such an ___ is often termed a SoC (system-on-chip). Designers of digital ___ often use a hardware description language (HDL), such as Verilog or VHDL, to describe the functionality.
Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
In computing, it is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path.
In signal processing, wireless communications, modem data transmission, digital communications, and electronics, it is used to refer to analog signal measured in hertz, meaning the frequency range between lowest and highest attainable frequency while meeting a well-defined impairment level in signal power.
Bandwidth
In telecommunication and electronics, ___ is a common measure of symbol rate, one of the components that determine the speed of communication over a data channel.
It is the unit for symbol rate or modulation rate in symbols per second or pulses per second. It is the number of distinct symbol changes (signaling events) made to the transmission medium per second in a digitally modulated signal or a ___ rate line code.
Baud (/bɔːd/; symbol: Bd)
A construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally it was literally a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. In the 1970s the solderless ___ became available and nowadays the term is commonly used to refer to these.
Breadboard (a.k.a. plugboard, a terminal array board)
A communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer, or between computers. This expression covers all related hardware components (wire, optical fiber, etc.) and software, including communication protocols.
Early computer ___ were parallel electrical wires with multiple hardware connections, but the term is now used for any physical arrangement that provides the same logical function. Modern computer ___ can use both parallel and bit serial connections, and can be wired in either a multidrop (electrical parallel) or daisy chain topology, or connected by switched hubs, as in the case of USB.
Bus (a contraction of the Latin omnibus)
The electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
In digital communications, ___ is a spread spectrum technique that uses wideband linear frequency modulated chirp pulses to encode information. A chirp is a sinusoidal signal of frequency increase or decrease over time (often with a polynomial expression for the relationship between time and frequency).
Chirp spread spectrum (CSS)
A method of implementing a telecommunications network in which two network nodes establish a dedicated communications channel (___) through the network before the nodes may communicate. The ___ guarantees the full bandwidth of the channel and remains connected for the duration of the communication session. The ___ functions as if the nodes were physically connected as with an electrical ___.
The defining example of a ___ is the early analog telephone network. When a call is made from one telephone to another, switches within the telephone exchanges create a continuous wire ___ between the two telephones, for as long as the call lasts.
Circuit-switched network
Refers either to a physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel in telecommunications and computer networking.
This is used to convey an information signal, for example a digital bit stream, from one or several senders (or transmitters) to one or several receivers.
A channel has a certain capacity for transmitting information, often measured by its bandwidth in Hz or its data rate in bits per second.
Communication channel, or simply channel
An object or type of material that allows the flow of an electrical current in one or more directions.
Conductor
___ occurs when the phase difference between the waves is an even multiple of π (180°)
Constructive interference
Means the rate at which process progressing is limited by the speed of the ___. A task that performs calculations/operations on a small set of numbers, for example multiplying small matrices, is likely to be ___.
CPU Bound
___ is the flow of Electric Charge.
___ = Charge / Time
___ = Coulomb per Second
Current (Amperes or Amps)
___ take one data input and a number of selection inputs, and they have several outputs. They forward the data input to one of the outputs depending on the values of the selection inputs. ___ are sometimes convenient for designing general purpose logic, because if the ___ input is always true, the ___ acts as a binary decoder. This means that any function of the selection bits can be constructed by logically OR-ing the correct set of outputs.
Demultiplexer (or demux)
___ is an electronic (solid-state) non-volatile computer memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The two main types of ___ are named after the NAND and NOR logic gates. The individual ___ cells, consisting of floating-gate MOSFETs (floating-gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors), exhibit internal characteristics similar to those of the corresponding gates.
___ is a type of floating-gate memory that was invented at Toshiba in 1980, based on EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) technology.
Flash memory
___ occurs when the phase difference between the waves is an odd multiple of π (180°)
Destructive interference
The processing of digitized discrete-time sampled signals. Processing is done by general-purpose computers or by digital circuits such as ASICs, field-programmable gate arrays or specialized digital signal processors (DSP chips).
Digital signal processing
A two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.
Diode
Electrical current which flows consistently in one direction.
The current that flows in a flashlight or another appliance running on batteries is ___.
Direct current (DC)
A point-to-point system composed of two or more connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions. ___ systems are employed in many communications networks, either to allow for simultaneous communication in both directions between two connected parties or to provide a reverse path for the monitoring and remote adjustment of equipment in the field.
Duplex communication system
___ is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
Electric charge
An ___ surrounds an electric charge, and exerts force on other charges in the field, attracting or repelling them. The ___ is defined mathematically as a vector field that associates to each point in space the (electrostatic or Coulomb) force per unit of charge exerted on an infinitesimal positive test charge at rest at that point. The SI unit for ___ strength is volt per meter (V/m). Newtons per coulomb (N/C) is also used as a unit of ___ strength. ___ are created by electric charges, or by time-varying magnetic fields. ___ are important in many areas of physics, and are exploited practically in electrical technology.
Electric field (sometimes abbreviated as E-field)
In physics, ___ refers to the waves (or their quanta, photons) of the ___ field, propagating (radiating) through space, carrying ___ energy. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visible) light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.
Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR)
The ___ is the range of frequencies (the ___) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.
The ___ covers electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from below one hertz to above 10 to the power of 25 hertz, corresponding to wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus. This frequency range is divided into separate bands, and the electromagnetic waves within each frequency band are called by different names; beginning at the low frequency (long wavelength) end of the ___ these are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays at the high-frequency (short wavelength) end. The electromagnetic waves in each of these bands have different characteristics, such as how they are produced, how they interact with matter, and their practical applications. The limit for long wavelengths is the size of the universe itself, while it is thought that the short wavelength limit is in the vicinity of the Planck length. Gamma rays, X-rays, and high ultraviolet are classified as ionizing radiation as their photons have enough energy to ionize atoms, causing chemical reactions.
Electromagnetic spectrum
___ is a branch of physics involving the study of the ___, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The ___ is carried by ___ fields composed of electric fields and magnetic fields, and it is responsible for ___ radiation such as light. It is one of the four fundamental interactions (commonly called forces) in nature, together with the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation. At high energy the weak force and ___ are unified as a single electroweak force.
Electromagnetism (electromagnetic force)
An electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave. This converts direct current (DC) from a power supply to an alternating current (AC) signal. They are widely used in many electronic devices. Common examples of signals generated by ___ include signals broadcast by radio and television transmitters, clock signals that regulate computers
Electronic oscillator
___ is the capacity to do work.
Energy (kcal - Calorie, J - Joule, kWh - kilowatt-hour)
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) designation for the band of radio frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum from 30 to 300 gigahertz (GHz). It lies between the super high frequency band, and the far infrared band, the lower part of which is also referred to as the terahertz gap. Radio waves in this band have wavelengths from ten to one millimetre, so it is also called the millimetre band and radiation in this band is called millimetre waves, sometimes abbreviated MMW or mmW or mmWave. Millimetre-length electromagnetic waves were first investigated in the 1890s by Indian scientist Jagadish Chandra Bose.
Extremely high frequency (EHF)
In digital electronics, the ___of a logic gate output is the number of gate inputs it can drive.
In most designs, logic gates are connected to form more complex circuits. While no logic gate input can be fed by more than one output, it is common for one output to be connected to several inputs. The technology used to implement logic gates usually allows a certain number of gate inputs to be wired directly together without additional interfacing circuitry. The maximum ___ of an output measures its load-driving capability: it is the greatest number of inputs of gates of the same type to which the output can be safely connected.
Fan-out
Is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing - hence the term “___”. The ___ configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). Circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, but this is increasingly rare due to the advent of electronic design automation tools.
Field-programmable gate array (FPGA)
In telecommunications and signal processing, ___ modulation is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave.
In analog ___ modulation, such as ___ radio broadcasting of an audio signal representing voice or music, the instantaneous frequency deviation, the difference between the frequency of the carrier and its center frequency, is proportional to the modulating signal.
Frequency modulation (FM)
A ___, is one of a series of confocal prolate ellipsoidal regions of space between and around a transmitter and a receiver. Transmitted radio, sound, or light waves can follow slightly different paths before reaching a receiver, especially if there are obstructions or reflecting objects between the two. The waves can arrive at slightly different times and will be slightly out of phase due to the different path lengths. Depending on the magnitude of the phase shift, the waves can interfere constructively and destructively. The size of the calculated ___ at any particular distance from the transmitter and receiver can help to predict whether obstructions or discontinuities along the path will cause significant interference.
Fresnel zone, named after physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel
In a ___, both parties can communicate with each other simultaneously. An example of a ___ device is a telephone; the parties at both ends of a call can speak and be heard by the other party simultaneously. The earphone reproduces the speech of the remote party as the microphone transmits the speech of the local party, because there is a two-way communication channel between them, or more strictly speaking, because there are two communication channels between them.
Full-duplex system
Is a packet oriented mobile data standard on the 2G and 3G cellular communication network’s global system for mobile communications (GSM). ___ was established by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies. It is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
The ___ core network allows 2G, 3G and WCDMA mobile networks to transmit IP packets to external networks such as the Internet.
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablets. It was first deployed in Finland in December 1991. By the mid-2010s, it became a global standard for mobile communications achieving over 90% market share, and operating in over 193 countries and territories.
2G networks developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular networks. The ___ standard originally described a digital, circuit-switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. This expanded over time to include data communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then by packet data transport via General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), and Enhanced Data Rates for ___ Evolution (EDGE).
Subsequently, the 3GPP developed third-generation (3G) UMTS standards, followed by fourth-generation (4G) LTE Advanced standards, which do not form part of the ETSI __ standard.
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
The reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured
A common return path for electric current
A direct physical connection to the earth.
Ground or Earth
In a ___, both parties can communicate with each other, but not simultaneously; the communication is one direction at a time. An example of a ___ device is a walkie-talkie two-way radio that has a “push-to-talk” button; when the local user wants to speak to the remote person they push this button, which turns on the transmitter but turns off the receiver, so they cannot hear the remote person. To listen to the other person they release the button, which turns on the receiver but turns off the transmitter.
Half-duplex system
In computer engineering, a ___ is a specialized computer language used to describe the structure and behavior of electronic circuits, and most commonly, digital logic circuits.
A ___ enables a precise, formal description of an electronic circuit that allows for the automated analysis and simulation of an electronic circuit. It also allows for the synthesis of a ___ description into a netlist (a specification of physical electronic components and how they are connected together), which can then be placed and routed to produce the set of masks used to create an integrated circuit.
A ___ looks much like a programming language such as C; it is a textual description consisting of expressions, statements and control structures. One important difference between most programming languages and ___ is that ___ explicitly include the notion of time.
___ form an integral part of electronic design automation (EDA) systems, especially for complex circuits, such as application-specific integrated circuits, microprocessors, and programmable logic devices.
Hardware description language (HDL)
