electronegativity, pKa and the Inductive Effect

Question 1

electronegativity

Answer 1

the tendency of an atom to attract a pair of electrons to itself

Question 2

how does electronegativity change across the periodic table and why

Answer 2

it increases because more protons are being added to the nucleus so attractive forces increase

Question 3

how does electronegativity change down a group

Answer 3

it decreases as there is an extra layer of electron shielding

Question 4

electropositivity

Answer 4

an atom’s ability to donate electrons

Question 5

how does electronegativity affect the inductive effect

Answer 5

stronger electronegativity, stronger inductive effect

Question 6

how can the inductive effect affect acid pkA

Answer 6

can increase carbonyl acidity if Cl is added because it is electron WITHDRAWING, stabilising the negative charge on the conjugate base

Question 7

what does the inductive effect being additive mean

Answer 7

can affect neighbouring bonds, adding more of the group will increase the inductive effect

Question 8

mesomeric effect

Answer 8

lone pair in a p orbital overlapping with a pi cloud

Question 9

+M mesomeric effect

Answer 9

overlap with an electron donating group, decreases stability

Question 10

-M mesomeric effect

Answer 10

overlap with an electron withdrawing group, increases stability