aromaticity Flashcards
oxidation in terms of electrons
loss of electrons
oxidation in terms of oxygen
gain of oxygen
oxidation in terms of hydrogen
loss of hydrogen
reduction in terms of electrons
gain of electrons
reduction in terms of oxygen
loss of oxygen
reduction in terms of hydrogen
gain of hydrogen
enzyme involved in oxidation of ethanol
ethanol dehydrogenase
enzyme involved in oxidation of ethanal
ethanal dehydrogenase
mild oxidant example
PCC (Pyridinium chlorochromate)
what does PCC oxidise
primary alcohols to aldehydes (in the presence of an acid chloride)
strong oxidant example
KMnO4, potassium permanganate (in the presence of acid acetone)
what does KMnO4 oxidise
primary alcohol to carboxylic acid
which oxidant is needed to oxidise an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid
strong oxidant
which oxidant is needed to oxidise a secondary alcohol to ketone
either mild/strong oxidant
oxidant used for dihydroxylation of an alkene
OsO4, osmium tetroxide
reactant used in dihydroxylation of an alkene
H2O2
what kind of addition is the dihydroxylation of an alkene and why
syn - both alcohols attack the same face as alkene is sp2 and flat
what kind of oxidant is mCPBA (meta chloroperbenzoic acid)
strong oxidant
what does mCPBA oxidise an alkene into
an epoxide
what happens to ethyl oleate when exposed to oxygen
oxygen radicals can attack and forms of PEROXIDE which decomposes to an alpha beta unsaturated ketone which is toxic
mild reducing agent example
NaBH4 (in the presence of ethanol and acid)
what does NaBH4 reduce
aldehydes to a primary alcohol
strong oxidising agent example
LiAlH4 (presence of Et2O as a solvent)
what can LiAlH4 reduce
ester to primary alcohol
which carbonyls require a mild reducing agent
more reactive carbonyls
which carbonyls require a strong reducing agent
less reactive carbonyls
what does the reduction of an alkene result in
alkane
what are the reactants and conditions for the reduction of an alkene
H2 and a Pd/C catalyst
what kind of addition is the reduction of an alkene
syn, both Hs delivered to the same face
what happens when an alkyne reacts with H2 and a lindlar catalyst
only the first hydrogenation occurs, and a CIS ALKENE is formed
what is a lindlar catalyst
a poisoned flat surface catalyst
what is a nitro group reduced to
an amine
what does a nitrobenzene need to react with to be reduced
H2 and Pd/C catalyst
what does nature use to reduce carboxylic acids
NADH/ NADPH
