Electronegativity Flashcards
what is electronegativity?
the ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond
how can we determine which atom is delta positive/negative?
the more electronegative atom= delta negative
what scale is used to measure electronegativity?
the pauling scale
what is the scale range of the pauling scale?
0-4, 4 being the most electronegative
what factors affect electronegativity?
-nuclear charge(atomic number)
-the distance between the nucleus and outer shell electron (atomic radius)
-the shielding of the nuclear charge by electrons in outer shell
what’s the electronegativity of a smaller atom?
greater electronegativity,
- atomic radius is small
- electron shielding is small
- nuclear charge is smaller
what’s the eletronegativity of an atom with a large nuclear charge?
greater electronegativity
what happens to electronegativity as you go down the group?
electronegativity decreases because the atomic radius and shielding increases
what happens to electronegativity as you go across a period?
electronegativity increases
atomic radius decreases but nuclear charge increases
what is the bond type when the electronegativity difference is 0?
covalent bond
what is the bond type when the electronegativity difference is between 0-1.8?
polar covalent bond
what is the bond type when the electronegativity difference is greater than 1.8?
ionic bond
where are polar bonds and permanent dipoles?
within molecules containing covalently-bonded atoms with different electronegativites
what is a polar molecules?
asymmetrical shape so partial charges don’t cancel out
the bonded atoms have different electronegativity values
the bonded electron pair is shared unequally between the bonded atoms
where does the arrow point towards when finding out in the molecule is polar?
delta positive to delta negative
