Electron and Orbitals Flashcards
What is the Bohr Model?
- A theoretical model for the hydrogen atom
- Based on the planetary model
Which energy level/shell (n) has the lowest energy?
The n=1 shell
What is a Shell?
- “n” value
- Distance from the nucleus
What does a Subshell do?
- determines the orbital shape
- labelled as s, p, d, f
- each subshell is found in a specific section on the periodic table
What is the Orbital/Boundary Diagram used for?
The probability of finding an electron
What is the maximum amount of electrons in an orbital
A maximum of two electrons per orbital
What waves do we treat electrons as?
A standing wave
What does the Schrodinger Equation describe?
It describes the wave-particle duality of electrons
What is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle?
It is impossible to know exactly both the position and momentum of an object (can only know one, not both)
What is a Standing Wave?
Waves that are fixed at each end
What is the probability of finding an electron in Nodes?
0% probability of finding an electron
What are Nodes?
Areas of destructive interference
What kind of nodes do “s” orbitals have?
Spherical Nodes
What kind of nodes do “p” orbitals have?
Planar Nodes
What kind of nodes do “d” orbitals have?
Planar Nodes
Which energy level (n) can you find each type of orbital?
- ”s” orbitals can be found in n=1 and onward
- “p” orbitals can be found in n=2 and onward
- “d” orbitals can be found in n=3 and onward
What is the “s” orbital shape?
Spherical
The 3 “p” orbitals are similar in?
Shape/size and energy
The 3 “p” orbitals differ in?
Orientation
“p” and “d” orbitals are names based on the?
Named based on the x, y, z orientation
The “d” orbital lobes are located in?
The planes
How many “d” orbital shapes are there?
There are 5 “d” orbital shapes
What should you include in Electron Configuration?
Indicate shell (n), subshell, and # of electrons in the subshell
(e.g. 1s¹)
What is an Orbital Box Diagram?
Indicate shell, subshell, then in a box show spin for electrons
What is an Energy Diagram?
Indicates increasing energy in shells for everything but H (3 “d” is higher energy than 4 “s” orbital), shell, subshell, and spin for electrons
What is Aufbau’s Principle?
Fill from lower to higher energy orbitals (1s, 2s, 2p)
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
No two electrons can have the same spin in the same orbital
What is Hund’s Rule
Unpaired electrons in the same energy level must have parallel spins, put one in each orbital first before pairing
What does degenerate mean?
The same amount of energy
How to write a shorthand electron configuration?
Write the closest noble gas to the atom, then write the remaining (valence electrons) shell, subshell, and electrons
(e.g. [Ar] 4s¹ for K)
What are valence electrons?
Valence electrons are the electrons located on the outermost shell
Which atoms typically lose electrons?
Cation (positive charge) loses electrons and groups 1, 2, and 13
Which atoms typically gain electrons?
Anions (negative charge) gain electrons and groups 15, 16, 17.
What does it mean to be isoelectronic?
When two or more molecular entities have the same amount of electrons and/or electronic configuration despite having different elements or charges.
