Bonding

Question 1

Why is bonding important?

Answer 1

It has a large effect on the chemical and physical properties of the chemical species

Question 2

What is Electron Affinity?

Answer 2

A measurable physical property of energy (usually) released or absorbed when an isolated atom in the gas phase gains an electron

Question 3

What is Electronegativity?

Answer 3

• An arbitrary scale of the tendency of an atom to gain a bonding electron and how tightly an atom attracts electrons in a bond in competition with other atoms
• Determined by comparing the energies required to break different types of bonds

Question 4

What range of electronegativity difference indicates a pure covalent bond?

Answer 4

<0.4

Question 5

What range of electronegativity difference indicates a polar covalent bond?

Answer 5

Between 0.4 and 1.8

Question 6

What range of electronegativity difference indicates an ionic bond?

Answer 6

> 1.8

Question 7

What is Ionic Bonding?

Answer 7

• The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged atoms
• Formed via the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another
• Between a metal and a non-metal

Question 8

What is the nature of ionic bonding?

Answer 8

• Usually formed as crystals
• Brittle
• Conductive
• Formed

Question 9

What is a lattice structure?

Answer 9

• Ionic crystals are repeated arrangements of cations and anions in 3D space
• This structure stabilizes the ions

Question 10

What is Covalent Bonding?

Answer 10

• Electrons (two per bond) are shared between two atoms
• Occurs between atoms with similar energies and electron affinities

Question 11

What is Polar Covalent Bonding?

Answer 11

• Electrons (two per bond) shared between two different atoms
• Sharing of electrons is no longer equal (shared more toward the more electronegative atom)

Question 12

What are bond dipoles used for?

Answer 12

• Used to show the unbalanced charge distribution of the electron cloud within a covalent bond
• Draw the + side of the arrow on the least electronegative atom and the arrow head on the most electronegative atom

Question 13

Where are S- and S+ placed?

Answer 13

• S- is placed on the more electronegative atom
• S+ is placed on the least electronegative atom

Question 14

Polyatomic ions

Answer 14

Compounds which contain both ionic and covalent bonding