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Gastrointestinal - Physiology > Electrolytes and Motility > Flashcards

Electrolytes and Motility Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two membrane pumps of the GI system?

A

Na/K ATPase

H/K ATPase

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2
Q

What are the important pores of the GI system?

A

CFTR

K channel

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3
Q

What are the important exchangers (antiporters) of the GI system?

A

Na/H

Cl/HCO3

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4
Q

What are the important cotransporters (symporters) of the GI system?

A

2Na/Glucose, bile salts, amino acids

Pept1 H/peptide

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5
Q

What proteins are important for preventing tight junction permeability?

A

Claudin

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6
Q

Where is a lot of the chloride movement on the intestine lumen?

A

Crypts

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7
Q

What is an example of electroneutral absorption?

A

NaCl absorption

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8
Q

What mediates fluid uptake? Electroneutral or Electrogenic absorption?

A

Electroneutral

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9
Q

What is electrogenic uptake?

A

No active transport of counterion

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10
Q

What is taken up in electrogenic transport? What happens to anions?

A

Na and Glucose

Anions follow in tight jinxes

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11
Q

What process is vital for promoting fluid entry into intestinal lumen?

A

Chloride secretion in crypts of lieberkuhn

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12
Q

What basolateral pump is vital for the chloride secretion?

A

NKCC1

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13
Q

How does calcium enter the cell?

A

Transcellular or paracellular

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14
Q

Where is calcium actively absorbed?

A

Duodenum

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15
Q

What are important luminal transporters for iron?

A

HT (heme) and DMT1

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16
Q

What effect does gastric secretion have on iron absorption?

A

Deficiency in acid?

Deficiency in iron.

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17
Q

What hormones stimulate chloride secretion reflex?

A

ACh/VIP (long reflex)

5HT (short reflex)

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18
Q

Agonists that elevate this promote opening of CFTR.

A

cAMP (Prostaglandins, VIP, cholera toxin)

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19
Q

What effect does Guanylin have on Cl secretion?

A

Increases cGMP, increases CFTR activity

20
Q

What pathogen has the same effect as guanylin?

A

E. coli heat stable toxin

21
Q

What facilitates water absorption from stool?

A

Na+ uptake

22
Q

What effect does aldosterone have on the stool?

A

Increases ENaC expression, reclaims sodium, increases stool water absorption

23
Q

What is the root cause of secretory diarrhea?

A

Excessive secretion of chloride and NaCl transport inhibition

24
Q

Hyper motility leads to…

Hypo motility leads to…

A

Diarrhea

Constipation

25
Q

What does loperamide do?

A

Slows transit and increases sphincter tone to increase fluid absorption

26
Q

What are the four motile processes of the intestine?

A

Peristalsis to move forward
Segmental contractions to mix
Alterations in surface configuration
Tonic contraction of sphincters

27
Q

Is the ileum or jejunum more active in mixing?

A

jejunum

28
Q

What drives the mixing contractions?

A

Basal electrical rhythm

29
Q

What factors increase small intestine motility?

A 
ACh from vagus and enteric plexus
Motilin
Serotonin
Substance P
Prostoglandin
Gastrin
CCK
Insulin
30
Q

What factors decrease intestinal motility?

A

Epinephrine
Secretin
Glucagon
Opioid receptors

31
Q

What molecule stimulates the migrating motor complex?

A

Motilin

32
Q

What happens to the sphincter of Oddi during MMC?

A

Relaxes, leading to bile storage in intestine

33
Q

Where is the MMC active?

A

Not the large intestine!

34
Q

Why is the ileocecal sphincter tonically contracted?

A

Limits reflux into ileum (lots of bacteria in cecum)

35
Q

What causes opening of ileocecal valve?

A

Distension of ileum due to peristalsis

36
Q

What causes closure of ileocecal valve

A

Dissension of cecum (sympathetic input)

37
Q

What mediates the gastroileal reflex?

A

Gastrin and CCK

38
Q

What mediates ileal-gastric reflex?

A

Vagus nerve

39
Q

What mediates intestinointestinal reflex?

A

Extrinsic neural connections

40
Q

What mediates peristaltic reflex?

A

Increased or decreased by autonomics

41
Q

What role do taeniae coli serve?

A

Propulsion (but not super good)

42
Q

What happens between haustra?

A

Segmental contractions

43
Q

What mediates colonocolonic reflex?

A

Enteric nervous system

Modulated by sympathetic input

44
Q

What mediates gastro-colic reflex?

A

Serotonin

ACh

45
Q

What is the role of transverse folds in the rectum?

A

Retard anal leakage

46
Q

What is the pathophysiology behind Inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Release of inflammatory mediators, damaging epithelial barrier, causing NO release and diarrhea

Gastrointestinal - Physiology (5 decks)

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