electrolytes and fluid balance Flashcards
1
Q
what is the main cause of hypernatraemia?
A
water deficit
2
Q
what can hypernatraemia lead to?
A
- cellular dehydration (osmotic drag)
- creates vascular shear stress (bleeding and thrombosis)
3
Q
what are the symptoms of hypernatraemia?
A
- thirst
- apathy
- irritability
- weakness
- confusion
- reduced consciousness
- seizures
- hyperreflexia
- spasticity
- coma
4
Q
what can cause high Na in hypovolemia?
A
- renal free water losses e.g osmotic diuresis (NG feeding tube), loop diuretics, intrinsic renal disease
- non renal free water losses e.g excess sweating, burns, diarrhoea, fistulas
5
Q
what can cause high Na in euvolaemia?
A
- renal losses (diabetes insipidus, hypodipsia)
- extra renal losses (insensible, respiratory losses)
6
Q
what can cause high Na in hypervolaemia?
A
- sodium gains
- primary hyperaldosteronism
- bushings syndrome
- hypertonic dialysis
- hypertonic sodium bicarbonate
- sodium chloride tablets
