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NURS 170: Intro To Health & Wellness > ELECTROLYTES & ACID BASE BALANCE > Flashcards

ELECTROLYTES & ACID BASE BALANCE Flashcards

1
Q

What solution has the same osmolarity as blood?

A

An ISOTONIC solution.

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2
Q

What solution has a lower osmolarity than blood?

A

a HYPERTONIC solution.

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3
Q

What solution has a greater osmolarity than blood?

A

a HYPOTONIC solution.

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4
Q

What hormone is secreted from the pituitary gland to conserve water?

A

Vasopressin

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5
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of excess fluid?

A

Bounding pulse, edema, increased urine output, heart failure, elevated BP, and respiratory changes.

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6
Q

What are some interventions for excess fluid volume?

A

Monitor weight and urine output, place PT. in Fowler position, administer O2, administer diuretics, and restrict fluid and sodium.

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7
Q

What can lead to an electrolyte imbalance?

A

Dehydration, over-hydration, history of heart/ kidney/ liver disease, incorrect IV fluids, and certain meds.

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8
Q

What is the normal range of Potassium (K+)?

A

3.5 - 5 mEq/L

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9
Q

What is the normal range for Sodium (Na+)?

A

136 - 145 mEq/L

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10
Q

What is the normal range for Calcium (Ca2+) ?

A

9 - 10.5 mg/dL

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11
Q

What is the normal range for Magnesium (Mg2+) ?

A

1.3 - 2.1 mg/d

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12
Q

A patient comes into the ER and while taking their blood pressure you notice the patient is experiencing TROUSSEAU SIGN. why is the patient experiencing this?

A

The patient has hypocalcemia

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13
Q

A patients blood work comes back and you notice their potassium levels are at 6.5, is this within normal levels?

A

No. Normal potassium levels are between 3.5 - 5 mEq/L

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14
Q

What is HYPONATREMIA?

A

Sodium deficit

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15
Q

What is HYPERNATREMIA?

A

High sodium

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16
Q

What are some signs/ symptoms of a sodium imbalance?

A

Fluid excess or deficit, changes in mental status, weakness, and nausea/vomiting.

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17
Q

Name a couple examples of food sources with sodium?

A

Pizza, canned vegetables, canned soups, prepared foods, and salty snacks.

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18
Q

What are some interventions when a sodium inbalance is present?

A

Monitor intake/output, monitor weight, restrict fluids, and administer diuretics/steroids.

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19
Q

What is HYPOKALEMIA?

A

Low potassium

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20
Q

What is HYPERKALEMIA?

A

high potassium

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21
Q

What are some examples of food sources with potassium?

A

sweet potatoes, beet greens, yogurt, prune juice, bananas, and orange juice.

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22
Q

What are some interventions for HYPOKALEMIA?

A

treat underlying cause, cardiac electrolyte, offer potassium- rich foods, administer potassium replacement, educate patient on self administered supplements and signs/ symptoms.

23
Q

What are some interventions for HYPEKALEMIA?

A

limit dietary potassium, hold potassium supplements, administer insulin with glucose.

24
Q

What is HYPOCALCEMIA?

A

low calcium levels

25
Q

What is HYPERCALCEMIA?

A

high calcium levels

26
Q

what are some food sources with calcium?

A

Canned salmon, spinach, yogurt, cheese, and milk.

27
Q

What are some signs/symptoms of HYPOCALCEMIA?

A

Changes in mental status, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, and cardiac arrhythmia/arrest.

28
Q

What are some signs/symptoms of HYPERCALCEMIA?

A

increased HR/BP, skeletal muscle weakness, & decreased gastrointestinal motility.

29
Q

What is HYPOMAGNESEMIA?

A

low magnesium levels

30
Q

What is HYPERMAGNESEMIA?

A

high levels of magnesium

31
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of HYPOMAGNESEMIA?

A

+ trousseau sign, + Chvostek sign, cardiac arrhythmia/ arrest.

32
Q

What are some interventions a nurse could do for HYPERMAGNESEMIA?

A

administer IV fluids & dialysis & loop diuretics.

33
Q

What is HYPOVOLEMIA?

A

decrease in blood volume w/in the body due to loss of body fluids or blood.

34
Q

What are some causes of HYPOVOLEMIA?

A

excess sweating, large burns, diuretics, inadequate fluid intake, and increased urination.

35
Q

What are some symptoms of untreated HYPOVOLEMIA?

A

blue discoloration of lips/nail beds, tachycardia/ tachypnea, decreased BP, no urine production, & weak pulse.

36
Q

What is HYPERVOLEMIA?

A

fluid overload/excess

37
Q

What is the ACID-BASE BALANCE?

A

the correct balance of acidic & basic (alkaline) compounds in the blood.

38
Q

Why does ACIDOSIS happen?

A

occurs when the levels of acid in the blood are too high (CO2)

39
Q

why does ALKALOSIS occur?

A

occurs when the blood becomes to alkaline (bicarbonate HCO3)

40
Q

What are some causes of metabolic acidosis?

A

kidney disease, lactic acidosis, diabetic acidosis, & severe diarrhea/ dehydration.

41
Q

what are some common causes of metabolic ALKALOSIS?

A

diuretics overuse, excess vomiting, antacids, ingestion of HCO3, laxatives, heart/kidney/ liver failure, & quick loss of potassium/sodium from the body.

42
Q

What is RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS?

A

occurs when the carbon dioxide levels in the body drop too low & may be a result of breathing too fast/ too deep.

43
Q

what is RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS?

A

when the lungs CANNOT REMOVE enough CO2 from the body.

44
Q

What are some common causes of respiratory ACIDOSIS?

A

airways diseases like asthma or COPD
diseases that affect chest and breathing like scoliosis
meds that suppress breathing (ex. Narcotics)
severe obesity
OSA (obstructive sleep apnea)

45
Q

What happens to pH balance when respiratory ACIDOSIS occurs?

A

pH drops, CO2 increases, and HCO3 stays neutral or nothing changes.

46
Q

What happens to pH balance when respiratory ALKALOSIS occurs?

A

pH increases, CO2 drops, HCO3 remains neutral/stays the same.

47
Q

What happens to pH balance when metabolic ACIDOSIS occurs?

A

pH drops, CO2 stays neutral/remains the same, HCO3 drops

48
Q

What happens to pH balance when metabolic ALKALOSIS occurs?

A

pH increases, CO2 stays neutral/remains the same, HCO3 increases.

49
Q

What are some the functions of magnesium?

A

functions of both cardiac & skeletal muscles
help maintain normal Ca2+ levels

50
Q

What are some of the functions of calcium?

A

help release neurotransmitters from neurons
help release hormones from endocrine glands
help with blood clotting

51
Q

what is intake?

A

amount taken in by a patient.

52
Q

What is output?

A

output is the amount produced by the body of the patient

53
Q

How often should intake/output be recorded?

A

Every 8 hrs (or per facility protocol)

NURS 170: Intro To Health & Wellness (3 decks)

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