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CHM > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the major cation of extracellular fluid?

A

Na

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2
Q

Whats a cation?

A

+ ion

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3
Q

Where and how much SODIUM is reabsorbed?

A

85% in the kidneys

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4
Q

Reference range of SODIUM

A

135 - 145

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5
Q

What causes hyponatremia

A

diabetic acidosis
diarrhea
Addison’s diseases
renal tubular diseases

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6
Q

What causes hypernatremia

A

Cushing’s syndrome

hyperaldosteronism

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7
Q

Whats the major cation of intracellular fluid?

A

K

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8
Q

Reference range of POTASSIUM

A

3.5 - 5.0

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9
Q

What causes Hypokalemia ?

A

Insulin injections
Alkalosis
GI losses (Diarrhea and Vomiting)
Hyperaldosteronism (decrease renal function)

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10
Q

What causes Hyperkalemia ?

A 
Diabetic acidosis
Hemolysis
Burns
Renal failure 
Addison diseases
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11
Q

Whats the major anion of extracellular fluid?

A

CL

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12
Q

Chroride

A

maintains hydration, osmotic pressure and balance

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13
Q

Reference range of Cl

A

98 - 106

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14
Q

What causes Hypochloremia?

A

Diabetic acidosis
Pyelonephritis
Aldosterone defiency

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15
Q

What causes Hyperchloremia?

A

adrenocortical hyperfunction
renal tubular acidosis
diarrhea

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16
Q

Sweat Chloride

A

Collected by iontophoresis using drug.

>60 mM/L indicates cystic fribrosis

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17
Q

Anion Gap

A

differences between unmeasured cation and anions.

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18
Q

Major unmeasured cations

A

K, Ca, Mg

19
Q

Major unmeasured anion

A

Album, Sulfate, Phosphate

20
Q

Anion Gap formula with K & reference range

A

(Na+K) - (Cl + HCO3) with RR 10 -20

21
Q

Anion Gap formula w/out K & reference range

A

(Na) - (Cl + HCO3) with RR 7 -16

22
Q

When does the anion gap increases

A

in high concentration of ethanol, ketones and lactic acid

23
Q

When does the anion gap decreases

A

high serum Mg, Ca and Li; and hemodilution

24
Q

osmolality equation

A

measure renal tubular function; compare calculated vs measured osmolality

2Na + GLU/18 + BUN/2.8
Bun: blood urea nitrogen

25
Q

what does >10 measured osmolality indicates

A

presence of exogenous anions like methanol, ethanol, ketone bodies…

26
Q

Mg2+

A

Ca2+ channel blocking agent

27
Q

when does Mg increases and decreases

A

Increases in renal failure

decreases in cardiac disorder and d. mellitus

28
Q

what hormones control Ca2+ and how

A

PTH by increasing it
Calcitonin by decreasing it
Vit D by increasing reabsorption

29
Q

When does Ca increases

A

HyperPTH
Multiple myeloma
renal failure

30
Q

when does Ca decreases (tetany)

A

HypoPTH
Decreases serum albumin
decreases Vitamin D

31
Q

What element has an inverse relationship with Ca

A

phosphorus

32
Q

when does PO4 (phosphorus) increases

A

HypoPTH
Renal failure
Excess Vit D

33
Q

When does PO4 (phosphorus) decreases

A

HyperPTH

Impaired renal absorption

34
Q

Vit D forms

A

D2 form found in food (fish, plants, fungus)

D3 produced by photosynthesis in the skin

35
Q

Whats the active form of Vit. D and where is this produced

A

1,25-OH2D form in the liver (to 25 hydro D) and then kidneys

36
Q

What does the active form of Vit D produces

A

increases blood Ca and phosphorus

37
Q

What does deficiency of vitamin D produces

A

Rickets: softening of bones (kids)
Osteoporosis: bone weakening
and other

38
Q

what stimulates the synthesis of PTH

A

Ca

39
Q

what can drastically increases PCT procalcitonin?

A

Bacterial infection

40
Q

Whats the main stores of Iron

A

hgb 65%

41
Q

how is iron transported

A

haptoglobin, trasnferrin and hemopexin

42
Q

how is iron stored as

A

ferritin and hemosiderin

43
Q 
what's the reference range of: 
serum iron
transferrin
TIBC
Serum ferritin
A 
serum iron male: 65 - 175
serum iron female: 50 - 170
transferrin 20 - 55
TIBC 250 - 425
Ferriting male 20 - 250
ferreting female 10 - 120

CHM (10 decks)

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