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Paloma's Class > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Mg - Magnesium (normal blood value)

A

1.6-2.6 mg/dL

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2
Q

Na - Sodium (normal blood value)

A

135-145 mEq/L

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3
Q

K - Potassium (normal blood value)

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

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4
Q

Ca - Calcium (normal blood value)

A

8.6-10 mEq/L

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5
Q

Phosphorus (normal blood value)

A

2.7-4.5 mEq/L

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6
Q

Hypokalemia causes what changes to ECG

A
  1. ST Depression
  2. Shallow, flat, or inverted T Wave
  3. Prominent U Wave
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7
Q

Foods High in Potassium Include

A
  • Avocado
  • Banana
  • Cantaloupe
  • Carrots
  • Fish
  • Mushrooms
  • Oranges
  • Potatoes
  • Pork
  • Beef
  • Veal
  • Raisins
  • Spinach
  • Strawberries
  • Tomatoes
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8
Q

Signs of Hypocalcemia

A
  • decreased heart rate
  • hypotension
  • diminished peripheral pulses
  • hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
  • increased gastric motility
  • hyperactive bowel sounds
  • Twitching
  • Muscle spasm
  • Numbness
  • Hyperactive Reflexes
  • Positive Trousseaus & Chvostek signs
  • Anxiety & irritability
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9
Q

What type of patients are at high risk for fluid loss?

A
  • elderly

- patients with an ileostomy or colostomy

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10
Q

Hyperkalemia and burns

A

Patients with wounds or substantial burns are at greater risk of hyperkalemia due to cellular fluid shifting during trauma. Also can be caused by sepsis or respiratory acidosis.

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11
Q

Administration of potassium

A

Potassium is administered by infusion solution. It is never given IM, subcut or bolus.

Should be diluted to 1 mEq/10ml.

Administration rate is 5-10 mEq per hour, NEVER to exceed 20 mEq per hour.

Renal function should assessed prior to administration & fluid balance should be monitored during administration.

Potassium infusion can cause phlebitis.

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12
Q

Hypocalcemia & Changes to the ECG

A
  1. Prolonged ST segment

2. Prolonged QT interval

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13
Q

Hypercalcemia & Changes to the ECG

A
  1. Shortened ST segment

2. Widened T wave

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14
Q

Hypokalemia & Changes to the ECG

A
  1. ST depression
  2. Shallow, flat or inverted T Wave
  3. Prominent U wave
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15
Q

Hypomagnesemia & Changes to the ECG

A
  1. Tall T Waves

2. Depressed ST segment

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16
Q

Hypermagnesemia & Changes to the ECG

A
  1. Prolonged PR interval

2. Widened QRS Complexes

17
Q

Chvostek’s Sign

A

Contraction of the facial muscles in response to a light tap over the facial nerve in front of the ear.

18
Q

Trousseau’s Sign

A

Carpal spasm induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff . The thumb and forefinger come together and contract inward toward the wrist.

19
Q

Signs of Hypercalcemia

A
  • increased heart rate
  • increased BP
  • bounding peripheral pulses
  • ineffective respiratory movement
  • profound muscle weakness
  • diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes
  • disorientation, lethargy, coma
  • formation of renal calculi, flank pain
  • decreased gastric motility & hypoactive bowel sounds
  • anorexia, nausea, abdominal distention, constipation
20
Q

Common sources of Magnesium

A
  • almonds
  • avocado
  • canned white tuna
  • cauliflower
  • green leafy vegetables
  • milk
  • oatmeal
  • peanut butter
  • peas
  • pork
  • beef
  • chicken
  • soy beans
  • potatoes
  • raisins
  • yogurt
21
Q

Signs of Hypomagnesemia

A
  • tachycardia
  • hypertension
  • shallow respirations
  • twitching
    • trousseaus & chvosteks signs
  • hyperreflexia
  • seizures
  • irritability
  • confusion
22
Q

Signs of Hypermagnesemia

A
  • bradycardia
  • hypotension
  • respiratory inssufficiency
  • diminished deep tendon reflexes
  • drowsiness, lethargy, coma
23
Q

Common Sources of Phosphorus

A 
Fish
Pumpkin, squash
Nuts
Pork, beef, chicken & organ meats
Whole Grain breads & Cereals
Dairy Products
24
Q

Cardiac changes in hypokalemia

A

Includes:
- impaired depolarization resulting in flattening of the T wave and eventually emergence of a U wave.
- potentially lethal dysrhythmias is increased
-

25
Q

Signs of Hyponatremia

A
  • pulse can be rapid, thready, weak, bounding or normal depending on whether the patient is normovolemic, hypovolemic or hypervolemic.
  • shallow ineffective respiration
  • generalized muscle weakness
  • diminished deep tendon reflexes
  • headache
  • personality changes
  • confusion
  • seizures
  • coma
  • increased gastric motility and hyperactive bowel sounds
  • nausea
  • abdominal cramping
  • dry mucous membranes
26
Q

Signs of Hypernatremia

A
  • heart rate and BP respond to vascular volume status
  • pulmonary edema if hypervolemia is present
  • early: muscle twitching & irregular contractions
  • late: muscle weakness, diminished deep tendon reflexes
  • altered mental function
  • normo or hypovolemia - agitation, confusion, seizures
  • hypervolemia - lethargy, stupor, coma
  • extreme thirst
  • decreased urinary output
  • dry flushed skin
  • dry sticky tongue & mucous membranes
  • edema depending on fluid volume changes

Paloma's Class (10 decks)

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