Electrolytes Flashcards
Dehydration
Dec in water
K
Potassium
+ cation
Range 3.5-5
Hyper and hypokalemia
- transmit nerve impulses
- regulate muscle tissue func
- affect resting membrane potential
- promote enzyme action
- acid-base metabolism
Overhydration
Edema, heart failure
Water in body percents, ICF, ECF
Body is 60% water
ICF-75% 31.5L
ECF-25%
Intravas 17.5% 7.33L
Interstitial 7.5% 3.15L
Na
Cation, +
ICF
Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia
Most prevalent in water follows sodium
- nerve impulse
- reg of fluid balance
- sodium pump
- acid-base levels
Nerve impulse
Ca
Calcium Cation + ICF Hypercalcemia Hypocalcemia
-neuromuscular, heart contractile force, coagulation in blood, permeability, growth and ossification of bones and teeth
Muscle contracts
Nerve impulse
Builds bones
Mg
Magnesium Cation + 1.5-2.5 ICF Hypermagnesemia Hypomagnesemia
Neuromuscular contact
Heart contract
Activates enzymes
Similar to Ca
CI
Chlorine
Anion -
Charge balances the + charge of cations
Major rule in fluid balance and renal function
Assoc.with NA
HCO3-
Principle buffer in body
Neutralizes the H+ and other organic acids
HPO4-
Phosphate
Likes MG in renal action
Buffer in ICF
Imp. Body energy stores
Inter
Outside
Intra
With in
Hypertonic
Higher on one side of cell membrane
Hypotonic
Less conc on one side of cell
Hypertonic and hypotonic happen
Together
Dopamine av
Brand name: interopin
Class: sym
MOA:alpha 1 beta 1
Contraindications: hypovalemic, fill up tank
Side effects:tachyarrhythmias, HTN and palps
Route:IV
Dobutamine
Brand name:dobutrex
Class: sympat
MOA:alpha1 beta1 beta2 +contract w/ little effect on heart rate
Indications:cardio and septio shock
Contraindications:addyon adequate heart rate
Side effects:
Route:
Norepi
Brand name:levophed Class: alpha, alpha 2 beta 2 MOA:peripheral rascon Indications:cardiogenic and spetic shock Contraindications:hypovolemia Side effects:myocardial iscnemia, n/v Route:1-2 mcg/kg/mg pedi, 0.1 - 0.5 adult
IV /10
Vasopressin
Brand name:pitressin
Class: press (hormone)
MOA:vasopressin,receptors, peripheral, recepters, vasoconstrel, antidiuretce
Indications:
Contraindications:hypeisens
Side effects:n/v, chest pain, headache, allergic reaction
Route:40 units ivp
0.02-0.04 units/min
Ischemia
Reduced blood supply to organ
Hyperkalemia
Causes
SI/SX
treatment
Causes: chronic kidney failure, metabolic acidosis, chemotherapy, rhabdomyolysis, medications, blood infusion
SI/SX: weakness, paralysis, resp failure, dysrrhthmias
treatment: mild: diuretics; moderate: glucose, insulin, NaHCO3
Hypokalemia
Causes
SI/SX
treatment
Causes: GI loss from D laxatives, renal loss, severe hyperglycemia, intracellular shift, malnutrition
SI/SX: weakness, fatigue, paralysis, constipation, leg cramps
treatment: minimize further loss, IV K
Hypernatremia
Causes:
SI/SX:
treatment:
High salt
Causes: gain of sodium, excess loss of water, hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s syndrome, hypertonic saline solution, NaHCO3
SI/SX: AMS, seizures, coma, weakness, irritability
treatment: reduce water losses, correct water deficits, no D5W
Hyponatremia
Causes:
SI/SX:
treatment:
Low salt
Causes: excess water, loss of sodium in urine, renal failure, CHF, cirrhosis, vomiting
SI/SX: nausea, vomiting, headache, irritability, lethargy, seizures, coma death
treatment: sodium at 3%, sodium bicarbonate
Hypercalcemia
Causes:
SI/SX:
treatment:
High calcium
Causes: hyperparathyroidism, malignancy
SI/SX: AMS, HTN, arrhythmias, hypokalemia, peptic ulcers, constipation, depression, confusion, weakness, fatigue
treatment: restore IV volume and promote Ca excretion with 0.9% Na, hemodialysis
Hypocalcemia
Causes:
SI/SX:
treatment:
Low calcium
Causes: thyroid surgery, magnesium abnor
SI/SX: parasthesis-pins and needles, tetany, muscle cramps, sexiures, heart failure, decreased contractility
treatment: administer Ca gluconate, correct other problems
Hypermagnesemia
Causes:
SI/SX:
treatment:
High Mg
Causes: renal failure
SI/SX: muscle weakness, resp depression, paralysis, drowsiness, confusion, vasodilation, hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmias
treatment: CaCl2 or dialysis
Hypomagnesemia
Causes:
SI/SX:
treatment:
Low Mg
Causes: decreased absorption or loss,
SI/SX: muscle tremors, tetany, ataxia, vertigo, seizures
treatment: MgSO4 calcium