electrolytes Flashcards
speciment for osmolalility
serum/urine
use of calclulating osmolalliltyu
gives estimate of the trrue osmlallityu
determine osmolal gap
deifference between the measured osmolallity and calculated osmolallity
osmolal cap
________ indirectly indicates the presence of osmotially active substances
osmolal gap
two formular for calculating osmolality
check book
3 importatn processese of sodium
intake of water in respoinse to thirst
excretion of water
blood vol status
in kidney reabsoroption of sodium, electroneutralityi is maintain by either…
chloride reabsorption
H ion secretion
what are the hormonal regulation of sodium?
which one has primary excretion function?
ADH
renin/angiotensin/aldosterone system
ANF
classification of hypernatremia
diabetes insipidus
defect in adh or osmotic diuresis
<300
300-700
>700
Specimen for
SODIUM
Methods for
SODIUM
POTASSIUM
CHLORIDE
BICABONATE
CALCIUM
PHOSPHATE
MAGNESIUM
SODIUM
-Albanese lein
Flame Emission Spectrophrotometry
Atomic absorption spectro
ion seletive electrode
POTASSIUM
chemical/colorimetric - lockhead and purcell
FES
AAS
ISE - valinomycin membrane
CHLORIDE
ISE
Amperometric-coulorimetric titration
mercuric tirration of schales and schales
Colorimetric, mercuric thiocyanate
BICARBONATE
ISE
enzymatic
colorimetric
CALCIUM
chech pg60
what causees false low in FES in sodium determination
what is the most common method in clinical lab in determination of SODIUM
Reference method of SODIUM
membrane used for ISE
hyperlipidemia and hyperproteinemia
ISE
FES
Glass ion exchange membrane
tywo types of ISE measurements, which of which uses undiluted and which one uses diluted sample. and which one is more accurate
direct and indirect,
direct measurement is more accurate
factors that influence the distribution of K between cells and ECF
which ones impairs K entry
which ones prmotes K entry
hypoxia, hypomagnesemia, digoxin overdose and propanolol
insulin and chatecholamines
varius drugs in relation to hyperkalemia
inhibits angiotensin
inhibits aldosterone
k sparring diuretics
inhibits NaK pumps
inhibits renal response to aldosterone
inhibits aldosterone secretion
captophril
non steroidal anti inflammatory agents
spironolactone
digoxin
cyclosporin
heparin therapy
what membrane is used in ISE for determination of POTASSIUM
valinomycin
major extracellualar anion
chloride
2nd major extracellular anion
bicarbonate
only anion to serve as an enzyme activation
chloride
in what ways does chloride maintains electrical neutrality in 2 ways
acts as rate limiting component
chloride shift or hamburger phenomenon
read pg 52 . understandn the flow of chloride shift
ok
metabolic acidosis
metabolic alkalosis
compensated respiratory acidosis
addison’s disease
Hypochlorinemia
respiratory alkalosis
Cystic fibrosis
hyperchlorinemia
a familial disease characterized by a disorder of exocrine glands that secrete a viscous material that obstructs exocrine ducts
Cystic fibrosis
the most valuable single test in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
SWEAT TEST (SWEAT CHLORINE/PILOCARPINE)
An instrument isused to introduce a sweat inducing drug, pilocarpine into a limited area of the skin using an elelctric current flowing between two electrodes attached to a limb (child) or at the back (infant).
this is then measured by
iontophoresis
coulometric amperometric mehtod
ISEmethod
Method for chlorine,
most commonly used. this method uses electrodes composed of___
A mehtod that uses generation of Silver ions Ag+, which combine with Cl to quantitate Cl ions
method that uses mercuric nitrate, this uses ____ as an indicator
what is used in colorimetric method in determiantion of chloride?
ISE, silver wire coated with silver chloride
amperometric-coulorimetric titration
schales and shcales, s-diphenyle carbazone
mercuric thiocyanate
maajor component of buffering system in the blood
Bicarbonate
in alkalosis what happens to bicarbonate, what happens if acidosis
bicarb is excreted in urine, increased excretion of H+ into urine with bicarb reabsorption
decreased bicarb may occur in metabolic
acidosis
elevated CO2 conc may occur in metabolic
alkalosis
method in bicab determination
uses acid reagent to conver all forms of CO2 to CO2 gas
converts all forms of CO2 to HCO3
uses malata dehydrogenase
measures NADH
acidifyiung the samplel to realease CO2 to measure the has released
ISE
enzymatic
enzymatic
enzymatic
colorimetric
the electrolyte (mineral) found in the highest concentration in body
CALLLCIUUMMMM
DAHIL SA BONE SIGURO AT IBA PAAA
99% OF CACIUM IS FOUND WHERE???!!!!!
BONEEESSS/SKELETAL AND TEETH
calcoium exists in 3 forms
ionized (free)
bound
complexed
which order from highest to lowest in conc in the body
ionized>bound>complexed
45,40,15
which type of calcium is bound to anions
complexed
ultrafiltrable cacldium cinsists of both the???
ionized and complexed
calcium is absorbed into the bloodstream from the duodenum and jejunum in the small intestine by means of calcium-binding protein_____ WHICH is synthesized in resposce to the action of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
CALMODULIN
what decreases the absrorption of calcium?
alkaline ph
steatorrhea
phytic acid and oxalic acid
age
regulation of calcium, table, memorize mo yun please wala ka na time dito sa mundong ito
WHAT COMPONENTS THAT REGULATES CALCIUM?
check page 57
PTH
VIT D3
CALCITONIN
TETANI
calcium
paget’s disease
acromegaly
hypercalcemia
total calcium mthods
colored complex
precipitation methods ano ano yonn
a. uses oxalate as precipitant
b. uses chloranilic acid
chelation which uses ???
method to measure ionized calcium
ultrafiltrable calcium
urine calcium
pth assay
calcitonin
vit d assay
colorimetric method, dye binding technique
klark, ferroham
klark
ferro ham
EDTA
ISE
—-
control calcium 3 days prior to collection of 24 hour urine
RIA
RIA
HPLC followed by Immuno assay
principla anion within cells
phosphate
method of phosphate the uses TCA as a precipitant
what are the reagents used in this meahtod?
classic fiske subbarow
APESS
ascorbic acid
picrol
elon
semidine
stannous
fouth most abundant cation in the body
magnesiium
second most abundant intracelllular ion
magnesiu
method of magnesium
total magnesium
dyes used in colorimetric
reference method for magnesium
which one uses 8 hydrocyuinone or calcein
calmagite, fomazen, methythymol, titan yello
AAS
fluorometric
