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MEDTECH > electrolytes > Flashcards

electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

7 macromolecules in the body

A

CARBON
HYDROGEN
OXYGEN
NITROGEN
SULFUR
CALCIUM
PHOSPHOROUS

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3
Q

ions capabale of carrying an electric charge

A

ELECTROLYTES

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4
Q

ANIONS (GOES TO?)

A

ANODE

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5
Q

CATIONS (GOES TO?)

A

CATHODE

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6
Q

FUNCTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES

A

volume and osmotic regulation

myocardial rhythm and contractility

cofactors in enzyme activation

regulation of ATPase ion pumps

Acid-base balance

Blood coagulation

Neuromuscular excitability

Production and use of ATP from glucose

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7
Q

total body weight of water in our body

A

40-75%

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8
Q

transports nutrient to cells, determines cell volume, removes waste products, acts as body’s coolant

A

WATER

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9
Q

fluid inside the cell; 2/3 of total body water (24L)

A

intracellular fluiid

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10
Q

1/3 of total body water (16L)

A

extracellular fluid

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11
Q

normal plasma is (%)?

A

93%

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12
Q

solutes other 7%

A

glucose
lipids
proteins
amino acids
MTNs

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13
Q

water content in plasma is ___ (%) higher than in whole blood

A

12%

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14
Q

mechanism that requires energy to move ions across cellular membranes

e.g Na-K pump

A

active transport

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15
Q

passive movement of ions across a membrane

depends on size and charge of ions being transported and nature of membrane

A

diffusion

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16
Q

rate of diffusion is affected by 2 factors:

A
  1. physiological process
  2. hormonal process
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17
Q

physical property of a solution based on the concentration of solutes (w/w)

assesses the fluid’s conc in the body

A

osmolality

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18
Q

stimulates thirst and secretion of arginine vasopressin hormone/AVP by hypothalamus

saturated = increased solutes

A

osmolality of blood

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19
Q

275 to 295 mOsm/kg of plasma H2O

A

normal plasma osmolality

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20
Q

formerly “antidiuretic hormone” (ADH)

A

arginine vasopressin hormone (AVP)

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21
Q

increases reabsorption of water in the cortical and medullary collecting tubules (less dehydration)

A

Arginine vasopressin hormone (AVP)

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22
Q

half life of AVP in the circulation

A

15-20 mins

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23
Q

promotes Na excretion in kidneys to regulate bp and fluid balance

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

24
Q

stimulates release of AVP & conserves H2O by renal reabsorption

A

Volume receptors independent of osmolality

25
Q

GFR fluid balance, eitherincreases w/ volume expansion or decreases w/ volume depletion

A

Glomerular filtration rate

26
Q

regulator

27
Q

• Varies by H2O intake• decreased in diabetes insipidus (inadequate AVP)

• increased in SIADH (syndrome of inadequate/inappropriate secretion of ADH) and hypovolemia

• Increased H2O intake = diluted solutes

A

URINE OSMOLALITY

28
Q

specimen on determination of osmolality

A

serum or urine

29
Q

determination of osmolality is reported as:

30
Q

provide the largest contribution to the osmolality volume of serum

A

sodium, chloride,and bicarbonate

31
Q

Do we measure osmolality in plasma? Plasma is not recommended. Why?

A

Because some osmotically active substances are introduced by anticoagulants

32
Q

Increase in osmolality =

A

decrease freezing point; decrease vapor pressure

33
Q

• used to measure the concentration of solute particles in a solution

• clinical use: freezing point depression or vapor pressure depression

• standardized using sodium chloride reference solution

A

OSMOMETERS

34
Q
  • difference between the measured osmolality and the calculated osmolality

• Indirectly indicates the presence of osmotically active substances (ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, lactate or βhydroxybutyrate)

A

OSMOLAL GAP

35
Q

reference range for osmolality on urine 24h:

A

300 - 900 mOsm/kg

37
Q

reference range for osmolality on urine/serum ratio:

38
Q

reference range for osmolality on random urine:

A

50-1200 mOsm/kg

39
Q

reference range for osmolality on osmolal gap:

A

5-10 mOsm/kg

40
Q

electrolytes:

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Potassium
  3. Chloride
  4. Bicarbonate
  5. Magnesium
  6. Calcium
  7. Inorganic Phosphate
  8. Lactate
  9. Iron
41
Q

• known as “natrium”
• most abundant and primary extracellular cation 90% • plays a major role in transmitting nerve and muscle impulses
• determines plasma osmolality

A

sodium (Na+)

42
Q

upper limit for Na+

A

295 mmol/L

43
Q

• Most important active transport in fluid balance
• Primary mechanism to maintain H2O balance
• Mechanism happens during conversion of ATP to ADP

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump

45
Q

major extracellular anion
enzyme activator, excreted with cations during massive diuresis or severe GI

46
Q

maintains osmolality and blood volume

47
Q

maintains electric neutrality

A

chloride shift

48
Q

elimination of CO2 generated by cellular metabolism

A

chloride shift

49
Q

2 ways of maintaining electric neutrality

A
  1. reabsorption of Na and Cl in the proximal tubule
  2. Chloride shift
50
Q

in chloride shift CO2 diffuses to both ___ and ____

A

plasma and rbc

51
Q

In RBC, CO2 forms ___________ which splits into __________ & __________

A

carbonic acid; hydrogen & bicarbonate

52
Q

untreated chronic UTI

A

pyelonephritis

53
Q

clinical implication of hyperchloremia

A

metabolic acidosis
excessive loss HCO3

54
Q

clinical significance of hypochloremia

A

prolonged vomiting
diabetic ketoacidosis
aldosterone deficiency
pyelonephritis

MEDTECH (8 decks)

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