Electrolytes Flashcards
Sodium
135-145
Pottassium
3.5- 5.0
Phosphate
3-4.5
Magnesium
1.3-2.1
Chloride
97-107
Calcium
9.0-10.5
Importance of electrolytes
- Regulate water distribution.
- Govern acid-base balance.
- Transmit nerve impulses.
- Contribute to energy generation and blood clotting.
Major ICF electrolytes
Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate
major cations
hydrogen
magnesium
pottassium
calcium
sodium
Major anions
bicarbonate
phosphate
chloride
Major ECF
Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Functions of sodium
Fluid distribution
Nerve/muscle impulses
Acid-base balance
How is sodium regulated
In the kidneys by the SODIUM POTASSIUM pump
Regulated by secretion of aldosterone and ANP
Sources of sodium
Breads, cereals, chips, cheese, processed meats such as lunch meats, hot dogs, bacon, ham
Commercially canned foods
Table salt
In hyponatremia Water moves from
_________to the ______causing
the cells to swell
From ECF to cells
Causes of hyponatremia
**Increased excretion: **
* Vomiting/diarrhea/sweat
* Wound drainage
* SIADH- ↑ADH holds on to water and dilutes Na
* Addisson’s disease-↓Aldosterone causes wasting of Na and K retention
* Kidney disease
* Thiazide diuretics
* * Fluid Overload – CHF, hypotonic IVF, Renal Failure
Dilution of sodium via hypotonic solutions, excess intake of water, hyperglycaemia
Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia
SALT LOSS
SALT LOSS
Seizures and stupors
Abdominal cramps, overactive bowel sounds, diarrhea
Lethargy
Tendon reflexes <
Loss of appetite
Orthostatic hypotension,
Shallow respirations
spasms (Muscle)
Nursing interventions for hyponatremia
ADD SALT
Administer IV saline solutions.
Diuretics or dialysis
Daily weights
Safety due to orthostatic hypotension
Airway precautions
Limit water intake
Teach sodium diet
Hypernatremia is too much __________ and not enough _______
salt
water
Signs and symptoms of hypernatremia
NOFRIEDFOODS
NO FRIED FOODS
F = fatigue, fever
R = restless, agitated
confused
I = increased reflexes
(seizure/coma)
E = extreme thirst*
D = decreased urine
output, dry
mouth/skin
Causes of hypernatremia
HIGHSALT
HIGH SALT
Hypercortisolism ( Cushing’s syndrome)
Increased sodium intake
GI tube feeding, diabetes, diarrhea
Hypertonic IV solutions
Sodium excretion decreases (Corticosteroids)
Aldosterone problems
Loss of fluids
Thirst impairment