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Clinical Chem Lec > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

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1
Q

VOLUME AND OSMOTIC REGULATION

A

Na+, K+, Cl-

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2
Q

MYOCARDIAL RHYTHM AND CONTRACTILITY

A

K+, Ca++, Mg++

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3
Q

COFACTORS IN ENZYME ACTIVATION

A

Ca++, Mg++, Zn, Cl-, K+

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4
Q

REGULATION OF ATPase ION PUMPS

A

Mg++

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5
Q

NEUROMUSCULAR EXCITABILITY

A

K+, Ca++, Mg++

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6
Q

PRODUCTION AND USE OF ATP

A

Mg++, PO4

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7
Q

ACID BASE BALANCE

A

HCO3, K+, Cl-, PO4

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8
Q

MAJOR EXTRACELLULAR CATION

A

SODIUM

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9
Q

MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR OF OSMOLALITY OR
OSMOTIC PRESSURE (Na+, Cl-, HCO3)

A

SODIUM

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10
Q

IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR TRANSMITTING NERVE
IMPULSES

A

SODIUM

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11
Q

SODIUM REFERENCE VALUE

A

135 - 145 mmol/L

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12
Q

SODIUM REABSORPTION AND
POTASSIUM EXCRETION IN THE DISTAL TUBULE

A

ALDOSTERONE

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13
Q

REMOVES EXCESS SODIUM

A

ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR (ANF)

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14
Q

Causes of hypernatremia (3)

A

Excess water loss
Decreased water intake
Increase intake or retention

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15
Q

Causes of hyponatremia (3)

A

Increased sodium loss
Increased water retention
Water imbalance

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16
Q

MAJOR INTRACELLULAR CATION

A

POTASSIUM

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17
Q

INTEGRAL PART OF TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSE

A

POTASSIUM

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18
Q

THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT ANALYTE IN TERMS OF AN ABNORMALITY BEING IMMEDIATELY LIFE THREATENING

A

POTASSIUM

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19
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia (4)

A

DECREASED RENAL
EXCRETION

INCREASED INTAKE

CELLULAR SHIFT

ARTIFACTUAL

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20
Q

Causes of hypokalemia (3)

A

Gastrointestinal loss
Renal loss
Cellular shift

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21
Q

MAJOR EXTRACELLULAR ANION

A

CHLORIDE

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22
Q

CHIEF COUNTERION OF SODIUM

A

Chloride

23
Q

ONLY ANION TO SERVE AS AN ENZYME ACTIVATOR (AMYLASE)

A

Chloride

24
Q

EXCRETED IN URINE AND SWEAT

A

Chloride

25
Q

HIGH HCO3 (METABOLIC ACIDOSIS)=

A

Low chloride

26
Q

Causes of hyperchloremia (5)

A
  • RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS
  • DIABETES INSIPIDUS
  • SALICYLATE INTOXICATION
  • PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
  • METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
27
Q

Causes of hypochloremia (4)

A
  • PROLONGED VOMITING
  • ALDOSTERONE DEFICIENCY
  • METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
  • SALT-LOSING NEPHRITIS
28
Q

Participate in BLOOD COAGULATION, ENZYME ACTIVATION,EXCITABILITY OF CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLE

A

Calcium

29
Q

FORMS OF CALCIUM (3)

A

IONIZED CALCIUM (50%), PROTEIN-BOUND CALCIUM (40%), COMPLEXED WITH ANIONS (10%)

30
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING SERUM CALCIUM: (3)

A
  1. 1,25 DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL [1,25-(OH)2-D3]
  2. PTH
  3. CALCITONIN
31
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia (6)

A
  • PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
  • CANCER
  • ACIDOSIS
  • INCREASED VITAMIN D
  • SARCOIDOSIS
  • HYPERTHYROIDISM
32
Q

HYPOCALCEMIA (7)

A
  • ALKALOSIS
  • RENAL DISEASE
  • PRIMARY HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
  • ACUTE PANCREATITIS
  • HYPERMAGNESEMIA AND
    HYPOMAGNESEMIA
  • MALABSORPTION SYNDROME
  • VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY
33
Q

INVERSELY RELATED TO CALCIUM

A

PHOSPHOROUS

34
Q

THE ONLY ELECTROLYTE THAT REQUIRES FASTING

A

Phosphorous

35
Q

IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE INSULIN-MEDIATED ENTRY OF GLUCOSE INTO
CELLS BY A PROCESS INVOLVING PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE GLUCOSE AND THE
CO-ENTRY OF POTASSIUM

A

Phosphorous

36
Q

PHOSPHATE DEFICIENCY CAN LEAD TO

A

ATP DEPLETION

37
Q

Causes of hyperphosphatemia (5)

A
  • HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
  • CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
  • LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
  • MILK-ALKALI SYNDROME
  • PAGET’S DISEASE
38
Q

Causes of hyperphosphatemia (5)

A
  • ALCOHOL ABUSE
  • PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
  • AVITAMINOSIS D
  • OSTEOMALACIA
  • MALABSORPTION SYNDROME
39
Q

INTRACELLULAR CATION SECOND IN ABUNDANCE TO POTASSIUM

A

Magnesium

40
Q

FOURTH MOST ABUNDANT CATION IN THE BODY

A

Magnesium

41
Q

A CARDIAC ION; REGULATES MOVEMENT OF POTASSIUM ACROSS MYOCARDIUM

A

Magnesium

42
Q

Causes of hypermagnesemia (4)

A
  • DIABETIC COMA
  • ADDISON’S DISEASE
  • CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
  • INCREASED INTAKES OF ANTACIDS,
    ENEMAS, AND CATHARTIC
43
Q

Causes of hypomagnesemia (5)

A
  • ACUTE PANCREATITIS
  • MALNUTRITION
  • MALABSORPTION SYNDROME
  • CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM
  • SEVERE DIARRHEA
44
Q

2ND MOST ABUNDANT ANION IN THE ECF

A

BICARBONATE

45
Q

IT ACCOUNTS FOR 90% OF THE TOTAL CO2 AT
PHYSIOLOGIC pH.

A

BICARBONATE

46
Q

IT IS THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE
BUFFERING SYSTEM IN THE BLOOD

A

BICARBONATE

47
Q

IT DIFFUSES OUT THE CELL IN EXCHANGE FOR CHLORIDE TO MAINTAIN IONIC CHARGE NEUTRALITY WITHIN THE CELL (CHLORIDE
SHIFT)

A

BICARBONATE

48
Q

IT BUFFERS EXCESS HYDROGEN ION BY
COMBINING WITH ACID

A

BICARBONATE

49
Q

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE UNMEASURED ANIONS AND UNMEASURED CATIONS

A

ANION GAP

50
Q

IT IS CREATED BY THE CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE COMMONLY MEASURED CATIONS (Na+, K+) AND COMMONLY MEASURED ANIONS (Cl-, HCO3)

A

ANION GAP

51
Q

IT IS USEFUL IN INDICATING AN INCREASE IN ONE OR MORE OF THE UNMEASURED ANIONS IN THE SERUM AND ALSO AS A FORM OF QUALITY CONTROL FOR THE ANALYZER USED TO MEASURE THESE ELECTROLYTES.

A

ANION GAP

52
Q

FORMULAS for ANION GAP (2) and normal values

A

Anion Gap = Na+ - (Cl- + HCO3) N.V.: 7-16 mmol/L

Anion Gap = (Na+ + K+) - (Cl- + HCO3) N.V.: 10-20 mmol/L

53
Q

Anion gap is INCREASED in

A

UREMIA/RENAL FAILURE (PHOSPHATE AND SULFATE RETENTION)

KETOACIDOSIS (STARVATION OR DIABETES)

POISONING BY METHANOL, ETHANOL, ETHYLENE GLYCOL OR SALICYLATE

LACTIC ACIDOSIS

HYPERNATREMIA

INSTRUMENT ERROR

54
Q

Anion gap is decreased in

A

HYPOALBUMINEMIA, HYPERCALCEMIA

Clinical Chem Lec (3 decks)

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