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Fluid & Electrolytes > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What causes build - up of electrolytes in the Blood?

A
  1. Kidney failure
  2. Massive Blood transfusion
  3. Tumors
  4. Diseases
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1
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

Phosphate level BELOW 3.5 Mg/dL

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2
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

S/S

A
  • EKG changes
  • Hypocalcemia
  • Hypotension
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2
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

Treatment

A
  • Phosphate binder- binds to food in GI tract & excreted - Phoslow (GIVE WITH FOOD)
  • Managing bypocalcemia will help correct hyperphosphatemia
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3
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Potassium level:

BELOW 3.5 mEq/L

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4
Q

Hyponatremia:

Causes

A
  • Excessive sweating, water intake, infusion of d5w
  • Excess ADH
  • Low Na diet
  • Vomiting
  • Fluid Overload
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4
Q

Hypermagnesia:

Treatment

A
  • Dialysis
  • Diuretics
  • Give IV isotonic solution NS/LR to enhance renal excretion
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4
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

Phosphate level HIGH than 4.5 Mg/dL

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5
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

Causes

A
  • Renal insuffiency
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Incrase intake of phosphorus: Enemas, laxitives
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6
Q

Hyperchloremia

Causes

A
  • Increase chloride intake
  • Increase chloride retention- renal insuffiency
  • Dehydration
  • Kaexalate (causes Na to be exchanged with K in the bowel, chloride follows sodium)
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7
Q

How do we get rid of excess Electrolytes?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Waste products
  • Sweat
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7
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Sodium Value: BELOW 135mEq/L

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9
Q

Hyponatremia:

S/S

A
  • Cerebral Edema (water from ECF to ICF)
  • Headache
  • Dioriented
  • Seizures
  • Weak, rapid, pulse
  • Hypotension
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10
Q

Hypomagnesia

Causes

A
  • Alcoholism
  • Poor dietary intake
  • Starvation
  • Intestinal diseases
  • Diarrhea
  • Use of loop diuretcs
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11
Q

Hypokalemia:

Causes

A
  • Vomiting & Diarrhea
  • NG suction
  • K+ wasting diuretics
  • NPO
  • Anorexia
  • Increase intake of Na
  • Pt recieving insulin
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12
Q

Hypermagneisa

A

Magnesium level HIGHER than 2.1 mEq/L

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12
Q

Hypermagnesia:

Causes

A
  • Renal Failure
  • Increased Mg intake
  • Treatment for Preg Induced Hyperten
  • Excessive use of anatacid, laxatives, enemas
  • OVER SEDATIVE EFFECT
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13
Q

What role do certain hormones play in balance of electrolytes?

A

Insulin

grabs both K+ and glucose and takes them out of vascular space and into the cell

give glucose with insulin

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

moves Ca from bone to blood- makes Ca increase

Calcitonin (secreted by Thyroid)

Decreases Ca by making it move from vascular space into the bone.

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14
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Sodium level: HIGHER than 145mEq/L

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15
Q

Hyperkalemia:

Treatments

A

Low K+ diet

Dialysis

Medications:

  • Diuretics- potassium wasting (lasix)
  • insulin
  • hypertonic dextrose
  • sodium bicarbonate
  • Calcium Gluconate (Ca decreases excitbablity effect)
  • Caclium Chloride
  • Kayexalate
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15
Q

Hypochloremia

Treatment

A
  • Prevent excessive diaphoresis, vomiting or excessive suctioning
  • Can give salty broth
  • infuse NS
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16
Q

Hyperchloremia

A

Chloride level: HIGHER than 108 mEq/L

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17
Q

Hypernatremia:

Treatment

A
  • Encourage water intake, Na restriction diet
  • Diuretics- K & Na wasting
  • Hypotonic or isotonic IV solution
18
Q

Hypochloremia

A

Chloride level BELOW 98 mEq/L

19
Q

Hypophosphatemia

Treatment

A
  • DC antacid & calcium supplement
  • Increase intake of Ph rich foods
  • Decrease calcium rich foods
  • Give Vit D Supplement (Increase absorption of Ph)
21
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Potassium level:

GREATER than 5.0 mEq/L

22
Q

**Sodium **

A

Normal Value:135-145 mEq/L

  • Dependent on how much water is in the body
  • Only electrolyte affected by amount of water in body
  • Increases cell membrane permeability, controls contractility & nerve impulses
  • INVERSE realationship with K+ = 3Na, 2K
  • Excreted through the kidneys, GI tract & sweat

Dietary sources: Canned soup & veggiee, cheese, ketchup, processed meat, table salt, salty snack food, seafood.

22
Q

Hypocalcemia:

S/S

A
  • EXCITABLE EFFECT
  • Positive Chvostek’s sign
  • Positive Trousseau sign
  • Frequent charley horses
  • Increased Peristalsis, Hyperactive Bowels
  • Siezures
23
Q

Potassium

A

MOST IMPORTANT ELECTROLYTE

Normal value: 3.5-5 mEq/L

  • Regulates cardiac rhythms, neuromuscular function & allows strong heart conduction & contractility.
  • K+ has an INVERSE relationship with Na+
  • Excreted by kidneys
  • Aldosterone helps regulate K+
  • EXCITABLE effects on Heart and intestine

Dietary Sources: Bananas, organes, green leafy veggies, fruit juices, dried fruit

25
Q

Hypokalemia:

S/S

A

DECREASED EXCITABILITY

Fatigue Nausea

Anorexia Vomiting

Muscle weakness

Resp. distress

Rapid, weak pulse

Flat T wave

Hypoactive bowel sounds

25
Q

Hypocalcemia:

Causes

A
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Poor dietary intake
  • Poor Vit D intake
  • Hyperphosphatemia
  • Diarrhea
  • Alkalosis
  • Renal failure
  • EXCITABLE EFFECT
25
Q

Hyperchloremia

S/S

A
  • RARELY produces s/s of its own
  • IF patient has hyperchloremia than the pt is most likely to have HYPERNATREMIA- look for those s/s
26
Q

Hypomagnesia

Treatment

A
  • DC loop diuretics
  • Admin. IV Mg Sulfate
  • Place on telemetry
28
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Caclium level: HIGHER than 10.5 Mg/dL

30
Q

Hyperkalemia:

S/S

A

OVER EXCITABILITY

Muscle weakness

Tachycardia to Bradycardia to Cardiac arrest

Peak T wave

Intestinal cramping

Cramping & twitching

30
Q

Hypernatremia:
Causes

A
  • NPO for extended time
  • Excessive Na intake: dietary & IV fluids
  • Excessive Na rentention: Renal failure, crushing disease
  • Fluid loss: feve, diaphoresis, burns, hyperventilation, V & D
  • Tube feeding: hydrochloric acid- excessive
  • Dehydration
31
Q

Hypercalcemia:

Treatment

A
  • Reduce dietary intake
  • Increase excretion of Ca by hydrating with NS
  • Stop supplements with calcium (anatacid)
  • DC Thiazide diruetic
  • Give lasix
32
Q

Hypochloremia

Causes

A
  • Excessive sweating
  • vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Nasogastric suctioning
  • Laxatives
  • Diuretics
34
Q

Hypokalemia:

Treatment

A

Encourage foods rich in K+

K+ supplements

K+ IV supplements- DILUTE & GIVE SLOWLY

K+ Sparing diuretics

Avoid salt subtitutes

NEVER GIVE IV PUSH

ALWAYS RUN ON PUMP

36
Q

Chloride

A

Normal value: 98-106 mEq/L

  • found in ECF
  • Follows Sodium
  • helps in forming CSF & produced mainly in stomach in form of hydrochloric acid
  • absorbed in intestines & excreted by kidneys

Dietary sources: Fruits, veggies, table salt, salty foods, processed food.

37
Q

Hypophosphatemia

Causes

A
  • Malnutrition
  • Alcohol Abuse
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Antacids
  • Respiratory Acidosis
39
Q

Hypocalcemia

Treatment

A
  • Oral & IV Ca supplements
  • Vit D supplements
  • Reduce Stimulation
  • Seizure precautions
  • Use sheet while lifting (THIN SKIN)
41
Q

Hypercalcemia:

causes

A
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Cancer
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Immobility
  • Excess Ca intake
  • Excess intake of Vit D
  • Thiazide Diuretics
  • Renal insuffciency
  • OVERLY SEDATIVE
42
Q

Hypermagnesia:

S/S

A
  • Slow resp rate
  • Weakness, Lethargy
  • CNS depression
  • Facial Paresthia
  • Hypotension
  • Bradypnea
  • OVER SEDATIVE EFFECT
43
Q

HYPERKALEMIA:

Causes

A

Renal failure

K+ sparing diuretics

Excessive K+ intake

Blood transfusion of RBC

Acidosis

Hypoaldosteronism

44
Q

Hypercalcemia:

S/S

A
  • Fatigue
  • Depression
  • Confusion
  • Fractures
  • Blood Clots
  • Kidney stones
  • Decreased Muscle tone
  • Bradycardia
  • OVERLY SEDATIVE
45
Q

Hyperchloremia

Treatment

A
  • Sodium and chloride intake will be RESTRICTED
  • Doctor may order Diuretics
  • Infusion of Lactated Ringers to spend renal excreation
47
Q

Calcium

A

Normal value: 9.0-10.5 mEq/L

  • 99% found in teeth & bones
  • effects capillary permeability, essential for blood clotting , sedative effect on the nerve & muscle activity.
  • INVERSE relationship with phosphorus
  • absorbed by small intestin & excteted by kidneys & BM
  • vit. D needed for calcium absorption

Dietary sources: Milk, Yogert, cheese, green leafy veggies, nuts

48
Q

Magnesium

A

Normal Level: 1.3-2.1 mEq/L

  • 60% stored in bones & cartilage
  • activates enzymes essental for proper carb metablolism & maintains neuromuscular stability
  • absorbed in GI tract & excreted by Kidneys
  • SEDITIVE EFFECT

Dietary sources: Chocolate, nuts, dry beans, green leafy veggies, seafood, whole grain, meats

49
Q

Hypochloremia

S/S

A
  • Tetany
  • Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
  • Arrythmias
  • Seizures
  • S/s of Hyponatremia
50
Q

Hypernatremia:

S/S

A
  • Tachycardia
  • Hyperthermia
  • decreased urine output
  • effects on brain cells
  • restlessness
  • lethargy, weakness, seizures, coma, confusion
52
Q

Hyponatremia:

Treatment

A
  • Fluid restriction- BEST TREATMENT
  • Oral Na Supplements
  • High Na Diets
53
Q

Hypomagnesia

S/S

A
  • Confusion
  • psychotic behavior
  • Delusions
  • Decreased gastric mobility
  • Constipation
  • Shallow resp
  • Tacycardia
  • twitches
54
Q

Hypomagnesia

A

Magnesium level BELOW 1.3 mEq/L

55
Q

Hypophosphatemia

S/S

A
  • Weak, skeletal muscles
  • Decreased bone density= Fractures
  • Severe Seizures
  • Arrhythmias
  • Shallow resp.
56
Q

Phosphorus

A

Normal value: 3.5-4.5 mg/dL

  • 85% found in bones & teeth
  • essential for RBC and muscle cells, helps with the metabolism of carbs, protien, and fat
  • Absorbed in the intestines and excreted thru kidneys
  • Assist with acid/base balance
  • INVERSE relationship with calcium

Dietary Source: Cheese, eggs, milk products, organ meats, whole grains.

57
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Calcium level BELOW 9.0Mg/dL

Fluid & Electrolytes (3 decks)

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