Electrolyte imbalances

Question 1

How is hyperkalaemia treated?

Answer 1

1. Calcium gluconate 10% slow IV
2. Soluble insulin (5-10units) with 50mL glucose 50% given over 5-15 mins
3. salbutamol nebs or slow IV
4. ion exchange resin

Question 2

Why should sodium and calciuom salts not be given via the same line?

Answer 2

Risk of precipitation

Question 3

Colliods contain what kind of molecules

Answer 3

Large molecules that do not readily leave intravascular space

Question 4

Examples of crystalloidss

Answer 4

glucose, sodium

Question 5

What should be given to treat severe acute hypocalcaemia

Answer 5

calcium gluconate 10% injection with plasma calcium and ECG monitoring - risk of arrthymia if given too quickly

Question 6

How is severe hypercalcemia treated?

Answer 6

1. NaCL 0.9% IV infusion
2. Bisphosphonates e.g. Pamidronate
   NB: steroids are sometimes used if due to Vit D, Calcitonin can be used in malignancy

Question 7

what diuretic is used to help treated hypercalciuria?

Answer 7

Bendroflumethiazide

Question 8

What electolyte imbalances result from hyperparathyroidism

Answer 8

Hypercalceamia, hypophophateamia and hypercalceamia

Question 9

Symptoms of hypercalcaemia

Answer 9

Thirst, increased urine output, constipation, fatigure, memory impairment
Long term: renal stones, osteoporosis, CVD

Question 10

If surgery is unsuccessful for hyperparathyroidism what drug can be offered?

Answer 10

Cinacalcet

Question 11

What electrolyte abnormality is cinacalcet contraindiciated in?

Answer 11

Hypocalcaemia

Question 12

Calcium gluconate in glass containers is contraindicated in what patient population?

Answer 12

< 18 years of age and those with renal impairment due to risk of alumninum accumulation

Question 13

Drug of choice to treate seizures in women with pre-eclampsia

Answer 13

Magnesium sulfate Injecion

Question 14

Sevelamer is licensed for what electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 14

Hyperphosphataemia

Question 15

Lanthanum is licensed for whast electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 15

Hyperhosphataemia

Question 16

Brand name for calcium acetate

Answer 16

Phosex, Renacet

Question 17

Potassium concentrations of more than >10% should not be given by what route?

Answer 17

IV

Question 18

For peripheral IV infusion of potassium, the concentration of potassium should not exceed …?

Answer 18

40mmol/L

Question 19

ECG monitoring should be used if potassium rate exceeds ….?

Answer 19

10mmol/hr

Question 20

Vitamin A is linked to defects in what organ?

Answer 20

Eyes (ocular defects with deficiency)

Question 21

Thiamine is what vitamin

Answer 21

B1

Question 22

Riboflavin is what vitamin

Answer 22

B2

Question 23

What is b6 also called?

Answer 23

Pyridoxine

Question 24

What vitamin is essential to prevent scurvy

Answer 24

Vitamin C

Question 25

Vitamin D helps to prevent what condition

Answer 25

Rickets

Question 26

In patients with renal impairment, what forms of Vit D should be prescribed?

Answer 26

Alfacalcidol or calcitriol

Question 27

Tocopherol is what vitamin

Answer 27

Vit E

Question 28

What is vitamin K essential for?

Answer 28

Blood clotting

Question 29

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 29

ADEK

Question 30

What is a complication if a women is taking vitamin A?

Answer 30

Risk of teratogenicity