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electrolyte disorders Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the function of water in the body

A
  • is a solvent for body processes
  • removes waste (urine)
  • transports nutrients to cells
  • body coolant (sweating)
  • regulates cell volume
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2
Q

what is the percentage of water in males

A

60%

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3
Q

what is the percentage of water in females

A

55%

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4
Q

what is the percentage of water in old people

A

45%

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5
Q

what is the percentage of water in children

A

75%

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6
Q

is there a difference water % due to gender

A

yes males have more water

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7
Q

is there a difference in water due to age

A

yes children have more water

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8
Q

is there a difference in how much water is taken in compared to lost

A

no, same amount of water taken in is the same as lost (2500ml)

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9
Q

what are the functions of electrolytes

A
  • maintains body pH
  • regulates water balance by maintaining osmotic pressure
  • cofactors in enzyme reactions
  • oxidation-reduction reactions
  • they correct functioning of muscles and nerves
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10
Q

what is osmolality

A

measure of osmotic concentration

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11
Q

what is osmolality expressed as eg, units

A

moles of solute per kilogram of solvent, mOsm/Kg

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12
Q

is osmolality the same in extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid?

A

yes, they both have an osmotic concentration of 285-295 mOsm/kg

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13
Q

from what type of region does water travel from and to

A

for a region of low osmolality to a region of high osmolality.

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14
Q

what is osmosis

A

this is water balance and is when water moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. uses ATP.

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15
Q

what does osmosis prevent from occurring to the cells

A

bursting

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16
Q

what is electrolyte balance

A
  • sodium-potassium pump
  • 20-40% of ATP made is used up in trying to regulate this ionic gradient
17
Q

what are the body’s 2 major fluid compartments

A

intracellular and extracellular fluid

18
Q

what is included in extracellular fluid

A
  • interstitial fluid
  • blood plasma
19
Q

in the ECF where does water move to and from

A

interstitial fluid and blood plasma

20
Q

what is the distribution of water in body compartments

A
  • there is 1/3 of water in extracellular fluid (14l). this is split into 3.5l in plasma and 10.5l in interstitial fluid.
  • there’s 2/3 of water in intracellular fluid (28l)
21
Q

how does sodium regulate fluid flux (water moving between membranes) ECF and ICF

A
  • when dehydration occurs sodium ions in interstitial fluid increases which causes water to leave the cell (intracellular fluid) into interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid)
  • when water overload occurs the sodium ions decrease which causes water from the interstitial fluid to move into the intracellular fluid. the cells overhydrate
22
Q

is the sodium concentration in interstitial fluid the same as in plasma

A

yes

23
Q

what is odema

A

when there’s excessive water in body tissue and it’s visible

24
Q

what will be the immediate effect when there’s a rise in plasma osmolality due to an increase in blood glucose (diabetes mellitus)

A
  • this will cause dehydration because water will move from intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid. this is due to the increase in glucose conc which then increases osmolality
  • to repair this the osmoreceptors will detect a change in osmolality causing a stimulation of thirst or causing ADH to be released from the pituitary gland.
25
Q

what is plasma osmolality influenced by

A
  • water deprivation
  • dietary intake and metabolic activity
26
Q

what detects a change in osmolality

A

osmoreceptors detect a 1-2% change

27
Q

when osmoreceptors detect a change in osmolality what is stimulated

A

thirst is stimulated or causes ADH to be produced from the pituitary gland

28
Q

what is the primary control mechanism for body fluid volume

A

renin angiotensin aldosterone system

29
Q

describe what happens in the renin angiotensin aldosterone system until aldosterone is formed

A
  • when hypovolaemia occurs (low body volume and low blood pressure) this is detected by juxtaglomerular apparatus
  • JGA cells then renin causing angiotensinogen to be released from liver
  • this is converted into angiotensin 1 and then the angiotensin converting enzyme from the lungs converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
  • that’s then converted into aldosterone via the adrenal cortex
30
Q

what are the effects of the RAA system

A
  • angiotensin 2 causes ADH to be released from the posterior pituitary gland which increases blood volume and this causes blood pressure to increase
  • angiotensin 2 also increases blood vessel tone which increases blood pressure
  • aldosterone increases the reabsorption of sodium ions
31
Q

how many amino acids does angiotensin 1 have

A

10

32
Q

how many amino acids does angiotensin 2 have

A

8

33
Q

what are the clinical features of dehydration

A
  • increased pulse
  • decreased skin turgor, urine output, consciousness, blood pressure
  • eyeballs are soft and sunken
  • mucous membranes are dry
34
Q

what are the clinical features of overhydration

A
  • decreased consciousness
  • normal , urine output (or decreased), blood pressure (or increased), eyeballs, mucous membranes
  • increased skin turgor
35
Q

what are the average sodium levels in an adult man

A

3700mmol

36
Q

what is the normal plasma sodium conc

A

135-145mmol/l

37
Q

if sodium plasma conc is below normal range what is it called

A

hyponatraemia

38
Q

if sodium plasma conc is above the normal range what is it called

A

hypernatraemia

39
Q
A

blood science (7 decks)

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