Electrolyte Balance (dilini) Flashcards
What can affect the balance of electrolytes?
Diet, renal function, diarrhoea, vomiting, polyuria, cell damage.
What is the major cation in extracellular fluid?
Sodium (Na+)
What is the primary cation in intracellular fluid?
Potassium (K+)
What is the primary extracellular anion?
Chloride (Cl-)
Is Magnesium mostly intra or extracellular?
Mostly intracellular
Is serum sodium a good indicator of total body sodium?
Yes because it is mainly extracellular.
Is serum potassium a good indicator of total body potassium?
No, because it is mostly intracellular.
How is sodium regulated?
By the kidneys, through the action of aldosterone.
What is hypernatraemia and what might cause it?
Increased sodium in the blood.
May be absolute due to sodium gain, relative due to water loss or rarely due to hyperaldosteonism.
What is hyponatraemia and what might cause it?
decreased dietary intake, excessive loss, osmotic diuresis
What is hyperkalemia and what might cause it?
Increased potassium in the blood.
Oliguric/anuric renal disease, hypoadrenocorticism, oversupplementation, metabolic acidosis (extracellular shift), insulin lack, massive cellular necrosis.
What is hypokalemia and what might cause it?
Decreased intake, increased loss (vomiting, diarrhoea, polyuric renal disease), primary hyperaldosterinism, insulin therapy, metabolic alkylosis.
How is potassium regulated?
The action of aldosterone in the kidneys.
How is chloride regulated?
In the kidneys, passively with sodium and actively in the Loop of Henle. Changes will usually parallel that of sodium.
What might cause hyperchloraemia?
Water loss, proximal tubular acidosis.
What might cause hypochloraemia?
anorexia, abomasal disorder, upper GI obstruction, overhydration.
What are the 3 forms of calcium in the body?
Free (ionized) - 50%
Anion bound (albumin & globulin) - 40-45%
Bound to non-protein anoins - 5-10%
In relation to the causes of hypercalcaemia, what does HOGINYARD stand for?
Hyperparathyroidism, Osteo, Granulomatous disease, Idiopathic, Neoplasia, Young animals, Addisons, Renal disease, vitamin D toxicity
What might be the causes of hypocalcaemia?
diet, primary hypoparathyroidism, pancreatitis, ethylene glycol (antifreeze) toxicity, malabsorption, hypovitaminosis
What might cause hyperphosphataemia?
decreased GFR, increased absorption from the intestines, young growing animals, shift from ICF to ECF (myopathies, acute tumor lysis syndrome).
What might cause hypophosphataemia?
increased urinary excretion (increase PTH activity, prolongd diurresis, fanconi syndrome), decreased intestinal absorption, shift from EFC to ICF (hyperinsulinism, glucose infusion), defective mobilisation from bone, equine renal failure
What are electrolytes and what is their balance important for?
Charged ions of various chemicals.
Important for body hydration and water balance, acid base balance, functioning of enzyme systems and neuromuscular function.
What is creatine kinase and where is the highest amount in the body?
Serum enzyme of muscle origin.
Highest amount in skeletal muscle.
What would cause a mild increase in creatine kinase?
Venipuncture & handling, anorexic cats
