Electrochemical Basis Of Behavior Flashcards
Functional Approaches To The Brain
behavioral references
X-Rays
- oldest method
- structural
- electromagnetic wave lengths of short waves
- passes through skull
- high density: bone, shows
- low density: blood clots, don’t show
Contrast X-Rays
more advanced.
- fluid is injected that is more or less absorbent
- passes through brain
- contrast between tissue and fluid is shown
Cerebral Angiography (including Femorocerebral)
- safest method
- radio translucent dye injected into cerebral artery
- shows vascular damage
- structural
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
- signal processing before and after pictures
- subtracts common elements between pictures
- shows arteries
CT/CAT Scan
- computerized tomography
- rotates around head creating a 3D image
- staticky, not as clear
- a-symmetry, density difference
- hypodensity: less dense (darker)
- hyper density: more dense (brighter)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- a magnetic field hits hydrogen atoms, audits waves, and transfers results to images
- no metals allowed on individual
- titanium is allowed
Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)
- active areas of the brain require energy
- radioactive 2-deoxyglucose is objected
- shows how much radioactivity is in each part of the brain
- has poor temporal resolution
- functional
Radioactive 2-Deoxyglucose
-not true glucose
Single-Photon Emission Coupled Tomography (SPECT)
- radioactivity tagged isotopes picked up by a sensor
- they omit gamarays
PET vs. SPECT
GOOD: spect is cheaper, patient is sedated
BAD: with spect the transfer takes a couple days to clear, not great temporal resolution
Stereotaxic Surgery
- head holder, prevents movement, instruments placed precisely
- surface of skull is exposed
- start at the bragima (major sutures intersect)
- animals
- stereo-taxic atlas (brain maps)
Lesioning Techniques
- causing damage to the brain
- looking for a behavioral change
Aspiration Lesions
- eye dropper device to suck out brain matter
- less ironing cortical tissue
Radio-Frequency Lesions
- high frequency current goes through a stereotaxically positioned electrode
- heat from the current destroys brain tissue
Knife Cuts
-scalpel
Cryogenic Blockade
- “reversible” “temporary”
- coolant is pumped through fine tubes to cool neurotissue
- just above freezing level
Electrophysiological Unit Recording
- intracellular
- extra cellular
- multiple
- invasive
Intracellular Unit Recording
-chemically immobilized animals to do it
Extracellular Unit Recording
- action potentials of neurons
- a probe is placed next to neuron internally
Multiple Unit Recording
-electrodes pick up signals from neurons simultaneously
Invasive Recording
-recording from over a week or month
Pharmacological Research Methods
- drug administered
- the affects are recorded
Injections/Methods
- oral
- intragastric (stomach)
- IV
- intramuscular
- hypodermic
- subcutaneous
Cannula
- a more direct route
- hollow needle stereotaxically implanted into brain
- it injects directly to targeted spot
Selective Chemical Lesions
- inject a neurotoxin
- micro injection
- neurotoxin is taken up by cell bodies at tip of cannula
- cell bodies are destroyed, not axons
2-Deoxyglucose Technique
- taken up by neurons
- the subject is killed
- brain is sliced for results
Cerebral Dialysis
- implant a tube that has a semipermeable section
- it picks up intracellular chemicals
Immunocytochemistry
- locates neuroproteins and neurotransmitters
- based on how an immune system works
In Situ Hybridization
- locates peptides and proteins
- based on hybrid strands of messenger RNA
- bunds to complementary RNA strands
Gene Knockout Techniques
- older methods
- create organisms that lack a particular gene
- knockout mice
- might impair other genes
Gene Replacement Techniques
- replace a gene with an alternate version
- almost identical
Structural Approaches To The Brain
structural references
