Anatomy Of The Nervous System: Neurons

Question 1

Bipolar Neurons

Answer 1

two projections from the cell body, sensory neurons for the distance senses (vision, hearing, smell)

Question 2

Multipolar Neurons

Answer 2

more than two projection from the cell body, motor neurons (PNS)

Question 3

Interneurons

Answer 3

cell in the CNS used for processing information

Question 4

Local-Circuit Interneurons

Answer 4

stellate cells, “association neurons”

Question 5

Projection Interneurons

Answer 5

pyramidal cells, long axon=neurotransmitter, carries info to the spinal cord

Question 6

Purkinje Cells

Answer 6

fan shaped, carries info from the cerebellum to other parts of the brain and the spinal cord

Question 7

Soma

Answer 7

cell body

Question 8

Nucleus

Answer 8

DNA found here

Question 9

Axon

Answer 9

transmits messages

Question 10

Dendrites

Answer 10

tree like, receive chemical messages

Question 11

Axon Hillock

Answer 11

small triangle before the axon, biological decision maker, decides whether or not to pass on a message

Question 12

Myelin Sheath

Answer 12

fatty sheath, electrical insulation, speeds up neuroconduction, segmented (not continuous)

Question 13

Node Of Ranvier

Answer 13

gaps of myelin sheath, where the axon is exposed

Question 14

Axon Terminal

Answer 14

“axon ending” “terminal button” “terminal bouton”, neurotransmitters released here

Question 15

Microtubules

Answer 15

transports material from soma to axon terminal and back

Question 16

Synaptic Vesicle

Answer 16

special membrane bubble which contains neurotransmitters

Question 17

Anterograde Transport

Answer 17

soma > axon terminal

Question 18

Retrograde Transport

Answer 18

axon terminal > soma

Question 19

Neuroglial Cells

Answer 19

“nerve glue”, outnumber neurons 10-1

Question 20

Astrocytes

Answer 20

star shaped, provide energy to neurons, “middle men”, coordinate activity into waves

Question 21

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 21

creates myelin sheath for axons in the CNS, when they die the sheaths die

Question 22

Microglial Cells

Answer 22

remove dead tissue, mild form of immune system by inflammation

Question 23

Schwann Cells

Answer 23

creates myelin sheath in the PNS

Question 24

Golgi Staining

Answer 24

silver nitrate, only shows silhouettes

Question 25

Nissl Staining

Answer 25

cresyl violet, penetrates membrane and binds to structures within

Question 26

Electron Microscopy

Answer 26

10,000x magnification
Standard- 2D
Scanning- 3D (not as detailed)

Question 27

Amino Acid Autoradiography

Answer 27

anterograde, inject substance by the cell body, transport down to the axon terminal

Question 28

Horseradish Peroxidase

Answer 28

retrograde, inject substance (enzyme) to brain at axon terminal, transported back to soma

Question 29

Neuron Conductor Speeds

Answer 29

Humans:
myelinated- 60 m/sec
unmyelinated- 1 m/sec

Cats: 100 m/sec

Question 30

Galvani

Answer 30

stimulates frog legs

Question 31

Bernstein

Answer 31

2 state theory

Question 32

John Z. Young

Answer 32

took the axon out of the squid, large squid have large axons (1mm across)

Question 33

Oscilloscope

Answer 33

measuring difference in voltage and displayed on a screen

Question 34

Microelectrodes

Answer 34

intracellular- inside cell membrane in the fluid

Question 35

Ion

Answer 35

charged particle

Question 36

Potential

Answer 36

electrical charge

Question 37

Graded Potential

Answer 37

electrical charges that vary in strength

Question 38

Nongraded Potential

Answer 38

electrical charges that don’t vary in strength

Question 39

Decremental Potential

Answer 39

electrical charges that fade in strength

Question 40

Synaptic Potential

Answer 40

electrical charges resulted from communication across synapse, they occur in dendrites and soma
-graded & decremental

Question 41

Action Potential

Answer 41

electrical charges in the axon

-nongraded & nondecremental

Question 42

Unipolar Neurons

Answer 42

one projection from the cell body, sensory neurons for the contact senses (touch)