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Phase 1b - Cardiovascular & Respiratory Medicine > Electrocardiography and Rhythm Disorders > Flashcards

Electrocardiography and Rhythm Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are these?

A

Electrodes

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2
Q

What are these?

A

Cables/wires

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3
Q

What are these?

A

Leads

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4
Q

What are the 12 leads of ECG?

A

Lead I
Lead II
Lead III
aVR
aVL
aVF
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6

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5
Q

Where is Lead I placed?

A

Right Arm to Left Arm

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6
Q

Where is Lead II placed?

A

Right Arm to Left Leg

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7
Q

Where is Lead III placed?

A

Left Arm to Left Leg

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8
Q

Where is aVR placed?

A

Perpendicular to Lead III

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9
Q

Where is aVL placed?

A

Perpendicular to Lead II

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10
Q

Where is aVF placed?

A

Perpendicular to Lead I

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11
Q

Where is V1 placed?

A

Right sternal border in the 4th intercostal space

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12
Q

Where is V2 placed?

A

Left sternal border in the 4th intercostal space

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13
Q

Where is V3 placed?

A

Halfway between V2 and V4

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14
Q

Where is V4 placed?

A

Mid-clavicular line in the 5th intercostal space

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15
Q

Where is V5 placed?

A

Anterior axillary line at the level of V4

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16
Q

Where is V6 placed?

A

Mid-axillary line at the level of V4

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17
Q

What view of the heart does Lead I observe?

A

Lateral

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18
Q

What view of the heart does Lead II observe?

A

Inferior

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19
Q

What view of the heart does Lead III observe?

A

Inferior

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20
Q

What view of the heart does aVR observe?

A

N/A

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21
Q

What view of the heart does aVL observe?

A

Lateral

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22
Q

What view of the heart does aVF observe?

A

Inferior

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23
Q

What view of the heart does V1 observe?

A

Septal

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24
Q

What view of the heart does V2 observe?

A

Septal

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25
What view of the heart does V3 observe?
Anterior
26
What view of the heart does V4 observe?
Anterior
27
What view of the heart does V5 observe?
Lateral
28
What view of the heart does V6 observe?
Lateral
29
Which artery does Lead I observe?
Left Circumflex Artery
30
Which artery does Lead II observe?
Right Coronary Artery
31
Which artery does Lead III observe?
Right Coronary Artery
32
Which artery does aVR observe?
N/A
33
Which artery does aVL observe?
Left Circumflex Artery
34
Which artery does aVF observe?
Right Coronary Artery
35
Which artery does V1 observe?
Left Anterior Descending Artery
36
Which artery does V2 observe?
Left Anterior Descending Artery
37
Which artery does V3 observe?
Left Anterior Descending Artery
38
Which artery does V4 observe?
Left Anterior Descending Artery
39
Which artery does V5 observe?
Left Circumflex Artery
40
Which artery does V6 observe?
Left Circumflex Artery
41
Given the conditions: Calculate the cardiac axis.
Opposite side (II) is 2 mm Adjacent side (aVL) is 4.5 mm Tan θ = opposite / adjacent Tan θ = 2 / 4.5 Tan θ = 0.444 θ = Tan-1 x 0.444 θ = 24o (Subtract from 60o) θ = 36o
42
What are the characteristics of a normal sinus rhythm ECG?
* Each P-wave is followed by a QRS wave (1:1) * Rate is regular (even R-R intervals) and normal (83 bpm)
43
What are the characteristics of bradycardia ECG?
* Each P-wave is followed by a QRS wave (1:1) * Rate is regular (even R-R intervals) and slow (56 bpm) ## Footnote Can be healthy, caused by medication or vagal stimulation
44
What are the characteristics of tachycardia ECG?
* Each P-wave is followed by a QRS wave (1:1) * Rate is regular (even R-R intervals) and fast (107 bpm) ## Footnote Often a physiological response (i.e. secondary)
45
What are the characteristics of a sinus arrhythmia ECG?
* Each P-wave is followed by a QRS wave * Rate is irregular (variable R-R intervals) and normal-ish (65-100 bpm) * R-R interval varies with breathing cycle
46
What are the characteristics of an atrial fibrillation ECG?
* Oscillating baseline – atria contracting asynchronously * Rhythm can be irregular and rate may be slow ## Footnote Turbulent flow pattern increases clot risk Atria not essential for cardiac cycle
47
What are the characteristics of an atrial flutter ECG?
* Regular saw-tooth pattern in baseline (II, III, aVF) * Atrial to ventricular beats at a 2:1 ratio, 3:1 ratio or higher | Saw-tooth not always visible in all leads
48
What are the characteristics of a first degree heart block ECG?
* Prolonged PR segment/interval caused by slower AV conduction * Regular rhythm: 1:1 ratio of P-waves to QRS complexes ## Footnote Most benign heart block, but a progressive disease of ageing
49
What are the characteristics of a second degree heart block (Mobitz I) ECG? ## Footnote Also called Wenckebach
* Gradual prolongation of the PR interval until beat skipped * Most P-waves followed by QRS; but some P-waves are not ## Footnote Regularly irregular: caused by a diseased AV node
50
What are the characteristics of a second degree heart block (Mobitz II) ECG?
* P-waves are regular, but only some are followed by QRS * No P-R prolongation * Regularly irregular: successes to failures (e.g. 2:1) or random ## Footnote Can rapidly deteriorate into third degree heart block
51
What are the characteristics of a third degree heart block ECG?
* P-waves are regular, QRS are regular, but no relationship * P waves can be hidden within bigger vectors ## Footnote A truly non-sinus rhythm – back-up pacemaker in action
52
What are the characteristics of ventricular tachycardia ECG?
* P-waves hidden – dissociated atrial rhythm * Rate is regular and fast (100-200 bpm) ## Footnote At high risk of deteriorating into fibrillation (cardiac arrest) Shockable rhythm – defibrillators widely available
53
What are the characteristics of ventricular fibrillation ECG?
* Heart rate irregular and 250 bpm and above * Heart unable to generate an output ## Footnote Shockable rhythm – defibrillators widely available
54
What are the characteristics of ST elevation ECG?
* P waves visible and always followed by QRS (1:1) * Rhythm is regular and rate is normal (85 bpm) * ST-segment is elevated >2mm above the isoelectric line ## Footnote Caused by infarction (tissue death caused by hypoperfusion)
55
What are the characteristics of ST depression ECG?
* P waves visible and always followed by QRS * Rhythm is regular and rate is normal (95 bpm) * ST-segment is depressed >2mm below the isoelectric line ## Footnote Caused by myocardial ischaemia (coronary insufficiency)
56
Identify the ECG.
Sinus rhythm
57
Identify the ECG.
Sinus bradycardia
58
Identify the ECG.
Sinus tachycardia
59
Identify the ECG.
Sinus arrhythmia
60
Identify the ECG.
Atrial fibrillation
61
Identify the ECG.
Atrial flutter
62
Identify the ECG.
First degree heart block
63
Identify the ECG.
Second degree heart block (Mobitz I)
64
Identify the ECG.
Second degree heart block (Mobitz II)
65
Identify the ECG.
Third degree heart block
66
Identify the ECG.
Ventricular tachycardia
67
Identify the ECG.
Ventricular fibrillation
68
Identify the ECG.
ST elevation
69
Identify the ECG.
ST depression

Phase 1b - Cardiovascular & Respiratory Medicine (21 decks)

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