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Cardio > Electrocardiography > Flashcards

Electrocardiography Flashcards

1
Q

What abnormalities can an ECG detect?

A

Conduction - issues with e- signals
Structural - e.g. hypertrophy
Perfusion - blood flow changes

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2
Q

What are the advantages of an ECG?

A

Cheap,
Reproducible,
Quick

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3
Q

What are electrodes

A

patches you place on patient’s skin

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4
Q

What are cables

A

connection between electrode and machine

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5
Q

What are leads

A

Views of the heart from electrodes and cables
12 leads

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6
Q

What deflections are towards the +/-ve electrode

A

Upward deflection -> +ve
Downwards deflection -> -ve

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7
Q

What is represented by the isoelectric line

A

No change in voltage

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8
Q

What is denoted by the steepness of the deflection

A

Velocity of action potential

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9
Q

What is denoted by the width of deflection

A

X axis = time .: shows duration of event

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10
Q

In the cardiac cycle, what does the P wave represent?

A

Atrial Systole (atrial contraction)

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11
Q

In the cardiac cycle, what does the QRS complex represent?

A

Ventricular Systole (ventricular contraction)

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12
Q

In the cardiac cycle, what does the T wave represent?

A

Diastole (relaxation of ventricles, repolarisation)

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13
Q

Why is repolarisation of the atria not seen

A

Hidden within the QRS complex

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14
Q

Why does the AVN cause a slow speed of transduction

A

Allow time for ventricular filling after atrial contraction

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15
Q

What structure is involved in the Q wave, and what is its function?

A

Bundle branches - Septal depolarisation

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16
Q

Describe the vector of the Q wave

A

Towards negative electrode, so downward deflection

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17
Q

What structure is involved in the R wave, and what is its function?

A

Purkinje Fibres - ventricular septal depolarisation

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18
Q

Describe the vector of the R wave

A

Towards positive electrode (apex of heart), upward deflection

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19
Q

What structure is involved in the S wave, and what is its function?

A

Purkinje fibres - late ventricular depolarisation (outer ventricle walls)

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20
Q

Describe the vector of the S wave

A

Towards negative electrode (cardiac great vessels), downward deflection

21
Q

Describe the direction of Lead I

A

1 L: Right Arm to Left Arm

22
Q

Describe the direction of Lead II

A

2 Ls: Right Arm to Left Leg

23
Q

Describe the direction of Lead III

A

3 Ls: Left Arm to Left Leg

24
Q

What plane does Lead I/II/III use

A

Coronal

25
Q

What view does Lead I give

A

Lateral

26
Q

What view does Lead II/III give

A

Inferior

27
Q

What plane do the V electrodes use?

A

Axial/horizontal

28
Q

What is the position of V1?

A

Right sternal border in the 4th intercostal space

29
Q

What is the position of V2?

A

Left sternal border in the 4th intercostal space

30
Q

What is the position of V4?

A

Mid-clavicular line in the 5th intercostal space

31
Q

What is the position of V3?

A

Halfway between V2 and V4 (diagonal)

32
Q

What is the position of V5?

A

Anterior axillary line at the same level as V4

33
Q

What is the position of V6?

A

Mid-axillary line at the same level as V4

34
Q

What does the width of one big box on an ECG show?

A

0.2s

35
Q

What does the width of one little box on an ECG show?

A

0.04s

36
Q

What are the three active peripheral leads?

A

aVR, aVL, aVF

37
Q

Describe the location of these peripheral leads and how this relates to their naming

A

aVR (augmented vector right - from Right hand)
aVL (augmented vector left - from Left hand)
aVF (augmented vector foot - from the foot of the inverted triangle)

38
Q

Which leads use a coronal plane

A

Limb leads (I/II/III/aVL/aVR/aVF)

39
Q

Which leads use a Horizontal plane

A

Chest leads (V1-6)

40
Q

What leads give an inferior view
RCA

A

Lead I/II/aVF

41
Q

What leads give an lateral view
LCx

A

Lead I/aVL/V5/V6

42
Q

What leads give an antero septal view
LAD

A

Lead V1/2
anterior - V3/V4

43
Q

What is the cardiac axis

A

Net direction of e- activity during depolarisation (R wave)

44
Q

Where would a normal cardiac axis be between?

A

90 and -30 degrees

45
Q

What region shows left axis deviation

A

-90º to -30º

46
Q

What region shows right axis deviation

A

90º to 180º

47
Q

what region shows extreme deviation

A

-90º to -180º

48
Q

How would you calculate the cardiac axis using Lead II and aVL?

A

STEP 1 - work out net deflection of Lead II (highest amplitude + lowest amplitude (negative) /// STEP 2 - work out the net deflection of aVL /// STEP 3 - draw a right angle triangle - hypotenuse is cardiac axis, adjacent is lead II, opposite is aVL /// STEP 3 - figure out SOHCAHTOA - should be tan but just double check /// STEP 4 - Do the SOHCAHTOA

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Cardio (10 decks)

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