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Cardio > Cardiac physiology and murmurs > Flashcards

Cardiac physiology and murmurs Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the pathway of blood circulation
starting at VC

A

DeO2 blood enters via IVC/SVC
Enters right atrium
^ pressure opens tricuspid valve -> right ventricle
^ pressure opens pulmonary valve -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs

O2 enters via pulmonary veins
enters left atrium
^ pressure opens mitral valve -> left ventricle
^ pressure opens aortic valve -> aorta -> body

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2
Q

What is the Endocardium

A

Innermost layer of the heart wall
lines heart valves and cavities
regulates heart contractions

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3
Q

What is the Myocardium

A

Middle layer of the heart wall,
composed of cardiac muscle fibers.
Causes heart contractions

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4
Q

What is the Epicardium

A

Outermost layer of the heart wall aka visceral pericardium
Thin layer of connective tissue and fat that serves as an additional layer of protection

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5
Q

What are the pectinate muscles

A

muscular ridges located in the atria of the heart, specifically in the right atrium and auricle. They increase the surface area.

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6
Q

What are the Chordae tendineae

A

Cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and mitral valve in the heart.Prevent the valve from prolapsing during the ventricular systole.

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7
Q

What are the Trabeculae carneae

A

Muscular columns in the right/left ventricles.
Provide additional ventricular valve support
Help maintain the SV + CO

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8
Q

What are Papillary muscles

A

Located in the ventricles.
Attach to AV valves cusps via chordae tendineae
Contract to prevent inversion/prolapse during systole (or ventricular contraction)

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9
Q

What is the interventricular septum

A

Muscular wall that separates the ventricles of the heart. Wall of cardiac tissue that comprises muscular and membranous tissue

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10
Q

Components of systole

A

Isovolumetric contraction
Rapid ejection
Reduced ejection

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11
Q

Components of diastole

A

Isovolumetric relaxation
Rapid filling
Reduced filling

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12
Q

Cardiac output eq

A

CO= HR x SV
vol of blood pumped in one min

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13
Q

Stroke volume eq

A

SV = EDV - ESV

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14
Q

Mean arterial pressure eq

A

MAP = DP + 1/3(SP - DP)

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15
Q

What happens during isovolumetric contraction

A

Wave of ventricular depolarisation - QRS complex
AV valves close -> S1 sound
no change in volume as pressure hasn’t exceeded aorta yet

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16
Q

What happens during isovolumetric relaxation

A

Start of diastole
SL valves close -> S2 sound
no vol change as atrial pressure has not exceeded ventricles yet.

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17
Q

What occurs during rapid ejection

A

SL valves open
dec. ventricular volume but pressure is still greater than aorta

18
Q

What occurs during reduced ejection

A

T wave - repolarised ventricles
ventricular vol decreases more slowly

19
Q

What occurs during rapid filling

A

isoelectric ECG
AV open, ^ vol in ventricles

20
Q

What occurs during reduced filling

A

^ ventricular vol slows
No atrial contraction

21
Q

What occurs during atrial systole

A

P wave - atrial excitation
atria contract to ^ ventricular volume

22
Q

What causes the S1 heart sound

A

AV valves closing during start of ventricular contraction

23
Q

What causes the S2 heart sound

A

SL valves closing during isovolumetric relaxation

24
Q

What causes the S3 heart sound

A

Rapid filling and expansion of ventricles
During early diastole (rapid filling)
Pathology - congestive heart failure

25
Q

What causes the S4 heart sound

A

Forced atrial contractions pushing blood into stiff ventricles
During late diastole (atrial systole)
Pathology - atrial hypertrophy/stiff ventricles (HTN, Cardiomyopathy, ischaemia)

26
Q

What is a heart murmur

A

Caused by turbulent flow through valves
whooshing/rasping heard during heartbeat

27
Q

Types of murmurs

A

Systolic murmur
Diastolic murmur
Continuous murmur

28
Q

When does a systolic murmur occur

A

Heart pumping blood to the rest of the body

29
Q

When does a diastolic murmur occur

A

Heart relaxes btw beats to fill with blood

30
Q

When does a continuous murmur occur

A

Throughout the heartbeat

31
Q

Murmur heard in Aortic stenosis

A

Ejection systolic murmur

32
Q

Murmur heard in Aortic regurg

A

Early diastolic murmur

33
Q

Murmur heard in Mitral stenosis

A

Mid diastolic murmur

34
Q

Murmur heard in Mitral regurg

A

Pansystolic murmur

35
Q

Murmur heard in patent ductus arteriosus

A

continuous “machinery” murmur

36
Q

What is aortic stenosis

A

Narrow, inflexible aortic valve
Blood enters through small opening in systole
difficult entry to aorta

37
Q

What is aortic regurg

A

Valve leaflets floppy, improper valve closure
Leak blood into ventricle during diastole

38
Q

What is Mitral stenosis

A

Narrow, inflexible mitral valve
Difficult for blood to travel atria -> ventricle during diastole (mid)

39
Q

What is mitral regurg

A

Floppy mitral valve leaflets cause backflow of blood during systole

40
Q

What is a patent ductus arteriosus

A

Hole in the heart btw Aorta and pulmonary artery
Mixing of blood, free flow btw lungs, aorta and pulmonary artery.

Cardio (10 decks)

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