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C&B1 > Electriophysiology > Flashcards

Electriophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

P wave

A

atria depolarization

both atria at the same time through bachmann bundle

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2
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricles depolarization

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3
Q

S wave

A

Depolarization wave go up the ventricles

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4
Q

R wave

A

Depolarization wave go to purkinje fibers. Left side is strongest because myocardium larger

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5
Q

Q wave

A

Depolarization wave go down the bundle of his, Left & Right bundle and myocytes of septum
left-to-right depolarisation of the interventricular septum

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6
Q

Action potential pacemaker cells

A

Phase 4 : HCN/fuzzy channels open -> Na+(Sodium)-> enter -> slow depolarization until treshold potential
Phase 0: voltage gate Ca2+(calcium) channels open -> Ca2+ enter -> rapid depolarization
Phase 3: K+(potassium) channels open -> K+ out of the cell -> K+ channels > Na2+ channels -> cell get inside more negative -> repolarization

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7
Q

Action potential for nonpacemaker cells

A

Phase 4: Resting membrane potential phase
Gap junctions -> Ca2+(Calcium) enter -> treshold potential. all K+ channels are closed.
Phase 0: -> voltage gated Na+ (sodium) channels open -> Na+ enter->depolarization
Phase 1: initial repolarization. voltage gate K+(potassium) channels open -> K+ out of cell
Na+ channels close -> more + out -> repolarization
Phase 2: Ca2+ channels close -> only K+ out of cell -> repolarization -> hyperpolarization

Protein transport K+ into and Ca2+ out of the cell to restore resting concentrations.

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8
Q

ECG

A

See the depolarization wave
Amplitude changes with how much myocardium there is
If the depolarization wave is diagonal to the positive lead, vector and see magnitude towards the electrode.
if perpendicular to positive lead: straight line

Atrial repolarization is not seen on ECG

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9
Q

Depolarization

A

wave of positive charge inside from negative lead to positive lead.
=> dipole towards positive
negative charges outside
This gives a positive curve

Happens all at once because fibers fire quickly
Contraction

Depolarization wave travels by ions (Na+ and Ca2+) going through gap junctions to reach next myocytes -> voltage gated sodium channels open -> Na+ enter into the cell -> action potential

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10
Q

Repolarization

A

wave of negative charge inside from negative lead to positive lead.
=> dipole towards negative
negative charges outside
This gives a negative curve

gradual and different times for myocytes
Relaxation

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11
Q

Chest leads

A

V1-V6 measure the electrical field towards them (+)
go from right parasternal to left axillary
transverse plane
v1,v2 mostly negative ECG, interventricular septum
v3,v4, anterior wall
v5,v6 mostly positive ECG, lateral leads, left circumflex artery

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12
Q

AVR, AVL, AVF

A

augmented
unipolar: positive pole
AVR: right arm, -150°
AVL: left arm, lateral lead, left circumflex artery, -30°
AVF: leg, interior lead: coronary artery, 90°

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13
Q

Lead I,II,III

A

makes a triangle with AVR, AVL, AVF
bipolar leads
Lead I: - aVR to aVL +, left circumflex artery
Lead 2: - aVL to aVF +, right coronary artery
Lead 3: - aVR to aVF +, right coronary artery

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14
Q

12 lead ECG

A

aVR, aVL, aVF, Lead I,II,III and v1-6

movement of + charges on the outside of heart cells

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15
Q

Sinus rythm

A

Sinoatrial node (SA) node made of pacemaker cells-> pacemaker cell depolarize -> spread

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16
Q

Conductivity

A

myocytes slower than pacemaler cells

17
Q

Electric conduction

A

P Q R S T
SA node fires, both atria depolarize through the bachmann bundle, conduction from SA node to AV node through internodal tracts
travels through bundle of his, left/right bundle and myocytes, then go to purkinje fibers and up the ventricles

18
Q

PR interval

A

SA node to AV node, time between atrial and ventricular contraction
straight line between P and Q wave

19
Q

ST

A

no electrical activity at the end of depolarization until repolarization : J point

20
Q

T

A 
ventricles repolarize (-)
QT is the ventricular systole
21
Q

Inflection

A

positive inflection if depolarization towards + lead or repolarization away of + lead

22
Q

myocytes

A

muscular wall, receive electricity from pacemakers cell, slower conductivity
contractile conduct

23
Q

pacemakers cell

A

1% of heart cells
SA, AV node, atrial internodal tracts, (bachmann bundle), bundle of his, left/right bundle, purkinje fibers
autorithmic: continuously generate Action Potentials
Fast conduction and autorythmic if not conducting
1 fire in SA node -> Action Potential -> Heart Beat Conduction
SA node has higher firing rate, if not done by SA node: ectopic focus

24
Q

membrane potential

A

difference in charge inside/outside
negative: more + outside than inside
potential changes when Ca 2+, Na2+ go through the permeable membrane
membrane potential down during depolarization

25
Q

AV node

A

atrioventricular node has a slower condution: small diameter and slow ion channels.
Delay allow ventricles to fill before they contract

26
Q

Pump

A

calcium pump
sodium-potassium pump
Protein transport K+ into cell and Ca2+ out of cell to restore the concentrations

27
Q

Conduction velocity

A

depolarization wave travels to all relevant parts of the heart in 220ms
More sodium (Na) -> speed depolarization increase
Less gap junctions -> speed depolarization decrease
Bundle of his and purkinje fibers fastest then ventricles and atria and last AV Node

28
Q

Excitability

A

inward current needed for depolarization
highly excitable: sodium (Na) channels open
inactive channels then need more ions from gap junctions
hyperexcitable: supranormal period

29
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

unexcitable, AP cannot be activated, Na+ channels closed until hyperpolarization

30
Q

Effective refractory period

A

some sodium (Na+) channels start to recover but still not possible to have AP

31
Q

Relative refractory period

A

hyperpolarization, action potential can occur but with a big stimulus

C&B1 (23 decks)

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