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electrical signals Flashcards

0
Q

why does the body use electrical signals?

A

to transfer information from one part of the body to another

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1
Q

what are electrical signals of the cells called?

A

AP

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2
Q

what is an AP

A

an electrical signal produced by cells

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3
Q

what does the body use to transfer information from one part to another?

A

electrical signals/APs

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4
Q

what creates the electric properties of the cell membrane?

A

ionic concentration differences across the plasma membrane and its permeability to those ions

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5
Q

what does the Na+/K+ pump do?

A

stockpiles Na+ outside and K+ inside the plasma membrane

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6
Q

why do (-) cell proteins contribute to the membrane potential?

A

they are too big to exit the cell

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7
Q

what does the Na+/K+ pump require to funciton?

A

ATP–it is an active transport pump

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8
Q

at the immediate outside and inside of the cell membrane

A

ions concentrate to create a voltage difference

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9
Q

the overall charge difference between intercellular and extracellular?

A

there is none, voltage difference is only directly inside and outside the cell membrane

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10
Q

what creates the charge differential between the inside and outside of the membrane

A

the concentration difference of ions just across the membranes

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11
Q

what is the average membrane potential measurement?

A

-85 mV

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12
Q

what membrane protein helps to set up ion differences?

A

Na+/K+ pump

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13
Q

non-gated K+ channel proteins are leaky to K+, why?

A

they are not gated so they are just open and the concentration gradient is such that the K+ wants to go outside the cell from an area of higher to lower concentration

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14
Q

what type of membrane protein allows K+ to dribble out of the cell with the concentration gradient?

A

non-gated K+ channel protein

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15
Q

when the K+ diffuses out through the non-gated channel proteins, this gives the cell a ____ charge just outside the membrane and ___________ still inside the cell create a ___ charge just inside the membrane

A

positive
large negative proteins
negative

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16
Q

what would happen if v-gated K+ channels were to open?

A

much more K+ would diffuse out of the cell due to concentration gradient and the charge difference would increase and the membrane would be hyperpoerized

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17
Q

what would happen if v-gated Na+ channels were opened?

A

Na+ would diffuse into the cell bc of the concentration gradient and this would serve to depolarize the cell (making the inside more + when it is usually -)

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18
Q

how would an extracellular increase in K+ change the RMP?

A

a build-up of K+ on the outside of the cell would slow the release of K+ from inside the cell and would cause the interior of the cell to move more toward positive charge. The charge difference between the immediate inside and outside of the cell membrane is smaller, thus it is depolarized

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19
Q

define depolarization of the membrane

A

the membrane potential becomes more (+), it moves towards 0

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20
Q

when the membrane potential becomes more negative (the difference moves further away from negative) this is called

A

hyperpolarization

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21
Q

is the concentration of K+ higher inside or outside the cell?

A

inside

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22
Q

is the concentration of Na+ higher inside or outside the cell?

A

outside

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23
Q

to which ion is the plasma membrane most permeable to?

A

K+

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24
Q

what anions are trapped inside the cell?

A

negatively charged large proteins

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25
Q

gated ion channels change the _________ of the cell membrane

A

permeability

26
Q

gated ion channels open and close because of some sort of

A

stimulus

27
Q

ligand gated ion channels open or lose in response to

A

ligand binding to receptor protein

28
Q

what are usually the receptor proteins on a ligand gated ion channel?

A

glycoproteins

29
Q

voltage gated ion channels open or close in response to small voltage changes where?

A

across the cell membrane

30
Q

most common voltage gated ion channels are

A

Na+ and K+

Ca++ important on cardiac and smooth muscle

31
Q

what do touch receptors respond to?

A

mechanical stim of the skin

32
Q

temperature changes in the skin trigger what kind of gated ion channel?

A

temperature receptor gated ion channel

33
Q

the relative charge of an area of membrane changes and opens

A

voltage-gated ion channels

34
Q

local potentials can be stimulated by

A 
ligands binding to receptors (ligand gated)
relative change in charge (v-gated)
mechanical stimulation (touch)
temperature changes (T receptors)
spontaneous change in permeability
35
Q

local potentials are called ________ potentials because the magnitude varies

A

graded

36
Q

what are things that can have an effect the grade of a local potential?

A

stimulus strength

stimulus frequency

37
Q

local potentials can add onto each other in a process called

A

summation

38
Q

stimulus strength or frequency can vary the _______ of a graded local potential

A

magnitude

39
Q

local potentials rapidly (decrease/increase) in magnitude as they spread over the surface of the plasma membrane

A

decrease

40
Q

what do local potentials do when they summate?

A

add onto each other

41
Q

can local potentials cause generation of an AP?

A

yes

42
Q

local potentials are caused when a stimulus causes ______

A

ion channels to open

43
Q

increased local permeability is caused by

A

opening of the ion channels by a local potential caused by a stimulus

44
Q

increased permeability to Na+ results in

A

depolarization of the plasma membrane

45
Q

increased permeability to K+ (or Cl-) has what effect on the plasma membrane?

A

hyperpolarizes

46
Q

depolarization can be caused by increased permeability in the plasma membrane to what ion?

A

Na+

47
Q

hyperpolarization can be caused by increased permeability in the plasma membrane with what ion?

A

K+ or cl-

48
Q

what does it mean to say that local potentials are graded?

A

the size of the response is proportional to the strength of the stimulus

49
Q

why is a local potential produced in response to several stimuli larger than one produced in response to one stimulus?

A

the local potentials summate, meaning they add together

50
Q

local potentials spread and decrease in magnitude in a manor called

A

decremental

51
Q

an AP can be caused by a depolarizing

A

local potential that is large enough

52
Q

a large enough local potential may cause the membrane to reach

A

threshold

53
Q

what must a stimulus or local potential reach in order to trigger an AP

A

threshold

54
Q

what does the all-or-none principle for AP mean

A

no matter how strong a stimulus, as long as it reaches threshold, an AP will occur

55
Q

what are the phases of an AP

A

depolarization (more positive)

repolarization (less positive)

56
Q

what is the afterpotential?

A

a slight hyperpolarization “dip” after repolarization

57
Q

depolarization is the result of

A

increased membrane permeability to Na+ and mvmt of Na+ into the cell (activation of the v-gated Na+ channels)

58
Q

repolarization is the result of

A

decreased membrane permeability to K+
this stops the entrance of Na+ into the cell (v-gated Na+ gates close)
more K+ move out of the cell (v-gated K+ gates close)

59
Q

what is produced during the absolute refractory period of the AP

A

nothing

60
Q

what can be produced during the relative refractory period

A

an AP if a stronger than threshold stimulus

61
Q

AP is propogated and for a given axon the magnitude of the AP is

A

constant

62
Q

stimulus strength determines the

A

frequency of the AP

exterminate (10 decks)

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