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Term IV: Neuro > Electrical Signaling > Flashcards

Electrical Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

Cells specialized to receive, process and transmit information with high fidelity over long distances

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Cells specialized to detect specific environmental cues

A

Sensory cells

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3
Q

Cells that monitor, support and maintain Nervous system function

A

Glia

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4
Q

Cells specialized to receive Neuronal signals and create responses (Generally Non-Neuronal)

A

Effector cells

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5
Q

Two components of a neuron.

A

Somatodendritic and axonal

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6
Q

Specialized sites of excitatory synaptic contact for reception of chemical signals at the synapse

A

Dendritic spines -

Contain high levels of receptors that convert chemical signals to electrical signals

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7
Q

Sites of inhibitory synaptic contact and transmit all synaptic signals to soma

A

Dendrite Shafts

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8
Q

Integrates synaptic signals, generates complex firing rhythms and links neuronal activity to gene expression

A

Soma

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9
Q

initiates signaling down the Axon

A

Axon Hillock

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10
Q

transmits signals in an all-or-none fashion to post-synaptic follower cells

A

Axon

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11
Q

Axonal Terminations - Specialized site for conversion of Electrical Signals into chemical signals that are released onto follower cells

A

Synaptic bouton -

Contain highly concentrated packets of neurotransmitters in vesicles that are released when Bouton depolarizes.

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12
Q

The property of matter that describes how the matter interacts with the Electromagnetic Force is called the…

A

charge

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13
Q

The Potential Energy a charge feels due to its location in an Electric Field is called the

A

electrical potential

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14
Q

The standard reference Electrical Potential from which other potentials are measured is the

A

Earth’s electrical potential (aka ground)

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15
Q

A _____ _____ is generated when + and - charges are separated
across a lipid bilayer

A

Membrane potential (volts)

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16
Q

_____ _____are seen when positive and negative charges are imbalanced, producing a Net Separation of Charges

A

Electric fields

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17
Q

Only if charges are kept from ____ ____ can an electrical potential difference be maintained.

A

coming together

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18
Q

Neuronal Membrane potentials are normally measured to be between ___mV and ____ mV.

A

-100 mV and +100 mV

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19
Q

Standard convention for membrane potential is

A

(inside potential - outside potential)

20
Q

What are the two membrane potential determinants?

A

Charge displacement and membrane thickness

21
Q

Thicker membranes show _____(larger or smaller) potential change for the same amount of displaced charge.

A

larger

22
Q

When stimulated, Neurons, and other excitable cells, can produce rapid, transient changes in membrane potential called:

A

Action Potentials

23
Q

Neuronal Electrical Signaling involves the regulated movement of Ions across the lipid bilayer through _____ _____

A

channel proteins

24
Q

T or F. In the presence of a cation, local water orientation is random

A

FALSE - dipoles dissipate (+) charge over a large area to lower the energy of solvation; interacting waters are called waters of hydration

25
Q

Ions cannot cross the lipid bilayer because they would have to give up their________ to do so. The energetic cost of losing them is too high.

A

waters of hydration

26
Q

P(ore)-Loops channels

A
  • Highly selective cation channels
  • tetrameric
  • ions pass bilayer by following low energy pathways down center of complex
  • short, narrow segment called selectivity filter provides replacement O2s for lost waters of hydration
  • water filled central cavity rehydrates ions in middle of passage to allow for ion rehydration
27
Q

Cys-Loops Receptors

A
  • Broadly selective cation or anion channels
  • pentameric
  • large water filled pathway runs down center of complex
  • Fixed rings of charge line central channel and select for charge of permeating ions
28
Q

Multiple binding sites within the P(ore)-Loop channel help increase _____ and _____

A

permeation and selectivity - single ion bound in pore is too stable to permeate at high rate, but binding of a 2nd destabilizes both, increase rate of mvt

29
Q

Name some examples of Cys-Loops receptors and the type of ion they select for (cation or anion).

A
  • GABA-A receptors - anions
  • Nicotinic ACh receptors - cations (Ca2+ to excite muscles)
  • Glycine receptors - anions
  • 5-HT Type 3 receptors - cations
30
Q

In cys-loop receptors, negative charge rings select for ____ using ____ residues, while positive charge rings select for _____ using ____ residues.

A

cations, acidic residues

anions, basic residues

31
Q

In cys-loops receptors, ____ channels can partially select between divalent and monovalent ions.

A

cationic

32
Q

Aqueous pore cannot select between monovalent cations, therefore reversal potentials tend to be near ____mV

A

0 mV

33
Q

Gating

A

Ability of channels to pass ions across membrane - tightly regulated

34
Q

Selective permeability

A

Proteins in cell membrane called channels selectively let ions pass lipid bilayer

35
Q

Mvt of ions across lipid bilayer produces ____ ____

A

electrical signals

36
Q

In terms of current, negative currents are + ions moving ____the cell across the lipid bilayer. While positive currents are + ions moving ____ the cell.

A

into

out of

37
Q

For each cycle, how much net charge does Na/K ATPase pump out of the cell?

A

+1 charge

38
Q

Nernst potential

A

Membrane potential that balances an ion’s concentration gradient

39
Q

In Ohm’s Law, what determines the current that flows for any given conductance?

A

Driving Force = (Vm - Ex)

40
Q

What is the slope of the line that relates current flow to driving force?

A

Conductance, G

41
Q

What is a reciprocal of conductance and a measurement of how difficult flow is along a given pathway?

A

Resistance

42
Q

What is the system attractor and equilibrium point?

A

Ek (potential of potassium)

43
Q

At rest, what channels have the highest conductance?

A

Potassium channels

44
Q

A single ion channel is SIGNIFICANTLY faster/slower than the Na/K ATPase channel?

A

FASTER (7,000,000 ions per second for ion channel compared to 3000+ ions/min for ATPase)

45
Q

Although it looks like the Nernst eqn, the GHK eqn calculates ______ potential, not equilibrium potential.

A

Steady state

Term IV: Neuro (12 decks)

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