Electric current Flashcards
Electric current
The collective motion of particles carrying electric charge. Requires the relatively free motion of charge carriers.
Conductor
a material that contains charge carriers which can move freely
e.g: metals due to free electron cloud resulting from the metallic bond, and electrolyte solutions due to freely moving ions in liquid phase
Insulator
When there is no freely moving charge carriers in the material.
DC - direct current
Is constant in time
AC - alternating current
changes as a sine function over time
Direction of current
Defined according to the flow direction of positive charges (conventional current direction). Electrons in metals moves in opposite direction due to their negative charge.
Electric current
amount of charge passing through a given cross section in a unit of time
I = Δq/Δt
unit: ampere
Speed of motion of electric charges is dependent on
resistance exerted by conducting material
Ohms law
U = R*I
R does not depend on voltage
Law of resistance
R = U/I
Unit: Ohm
Ohmic resistance
Resistance of a conductor depends on..
Its dimensions and material properties.
Long conductor - weaker electric field, motion of charges is slower, lower electric current - greater resistance
Greater cross sectional area - more charge carriers can pass for a given voltage and electric field strength
R = specific resistance* (l/A)
Electric conductance
G = 1/R
Unit: S, Siemens
Specific conductance or conductivity
δ = 1/ρ
Unit: S/m
Is directly proportional to ion concentration within certain limits.
Connecting resistors:
Series: R= r1+r2+r3+…
Parallel: 1/R = 1/R+1/R+1/R+…
Joule heating
or work of the electric current
the work done by the electric field when moving electric charge carriers which turns into another form of energy; in case of ohmic resistors it turns completely into thermal energy (heat)
W = UIt
Electric power
electric work done in unit of time
P=U*I
Unit: Watt
Electrical circuit
An interconnection of electrical components enabling electric current flow.
Kirchhoff’s current law/first law/junction law
as a result of conservation of electric charge, the currents flowing into a junction are equal to the currents flowing out of that junction -> in a branched circuit, current is partitioned between the branches.
Kirchhoff’s voltage law/loop law/ second law
As a result of conservation of energy, the directed sum of voltages of electrical components along a loop within an electrical circuit is zero. In a branched circuit, voltage is partitioned between the electrical components.
( increase in capacitor voltage = decrease in resistor voltage)
When voltage of capacitor is equal to the battery voltage, and we remove the battery, the voltage of the capacitor and the voltage of the resistor is equal but with opposite signs.
RC circuit
An electrical circuit consisting of an ohmic resistor and a capacitor. In order to charge a capacitor we will need to connect a voltage source (battery). In order to discharge the capacitor, we have to remove the battery and connect the two poles of the capacitor through the resistor.
Battery voltage is approached…
asymptotically by capacitor voltage
Resistor voltage decreases as capacitor voltage increases
Current decreases as resistor voltage decreases ( Ohm)
Charging is complete when current and resistor voltage is zero.
After charging: insulator between the plates of the capacitor -> the capacitor presents an infinite resistance in a DC circuit
Function for capacitor charging
Uc=Ub(1-e^(-t/RC))
Uc is voltage of capacitor at time t (s)
Ub is battery voltage
R is resistance
C is capacitance
RC = time constant of the RC circuit
Insulator between plates of the capacitor
The capacitor presents an infinite resistance in a DC circuit
During discharging, current flows from…
higher potential (positive plate) to the lower potential (negative plate)