elctrolytes exemplares Flashcards
bn
What does sodium do in your body
Regulates extracellular fluid volume; Na+ loss or gain accompanied by a loss or gain of water//Affects serum osmolality//Role in muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses///Regulation of acid–base balance as sodium bicarbonate
What level are considered hyponatremia and what cause it
Hyponatremia refers to a sodium deficit in ECF (serum sodium <135 mEq/L) caused by a loss of sodium or a gain of water
What are some sign and symptoms of hyponatremia.
of increasing intracranial pressure, which may include lethargy, confusion, low BP and Deep Tendon reflex, hypo active bowel sounds, muscle twitching, hyperreflexia, coma, and seizures/stupor; death may occur
What may cause hyponatremia
Sodium may be lost through vomiting, diarrhea, fistulas, sweating, or as the result of the use of diuretics.
How do you treat hyponatremia
Monitor HR, RR, GI, Renal, Neuro 2) Hypertonic fluid (gradual) 3) Restrict fluids 4) ADH antagonist Daunomycin (no food), low sodium raises lithium, diet
What is hypernatremia?
Refers to a surplus of sodium in ECF (serum sodium >145 mEq/L) caused by excess water loss or an overall excess of sodium
What are some common causes for Hypernaturemia?
Fluid deprivation in patients who do not respond to thirst//// Over production of Aldosterone, GI tube feeding, Corticosteroids, loss of fluids, Diabetes insipidus
What are the signs/symptoms of hypernatremia
Neurologic impairment, including restlessness, agitation, weakness, disorientation, delusions, hallucinations, and seizures. Fever, flushed skin, edema, low urine output
How do you treat hypernatremia?
Isotonic and hypotonic solution (.45 NA// D5 W) or diuretic must be gradual, or you cause brain edema
What is hypokalemia?
Refers to a potassium deficit in ECF (serum potassium <3.5 mEq/L
What is the role potassium
Controls intracellular osmolality///Regulator of cellular enzyme activity//Role in the transmission of electrical impulses in nerve, heart, skeletal, intestinal, and lung tissue; Regulation of acid–base balance by cellular exchange with H+ (control by renal tubes, and aldosterone)
What causes hypokalemia?
Injury, disease (diarrhea, hyperaldosteronism, DKA) and meds (Potassium-losing diuretics, corticosteroids (retention of water), sodium penicillin, and amphotericin B), dehydration, furosemide, NG Tube
What are the sign and symptoms/ of hypokalemia
Irregular, thready pulse, low BP/HR, low DTR, flaccid paralysis, swallow respiration, EKG (low s t segment, inverted T wave, prominent u wave)
How do you treat hypokalemia
Foods high in potassium include most fruits and vegetables, legumes, whole grains, milk, and meat/// potassium chloride (KCl) is usually used to correct potassium deficits, potassium acetate or potassium phosphate may be prescribed (careful with older adult and no iv push use pump), Watch EKG, RR, GI, I&O, BUN, Creatinine, Mg+ (K+BFF Mg+), Glucose (Ca+ and Na+ and inverse to K+), < 2.5 potassium infusion
What is the hyperkalemia?
refers to an excess of potassium in ECF (serum potassium >5 mEq/L,
What can cause hyperkalemia
Renal failure, hypoaldosteronism (Addison’s), or the use of certain medications such as potassium chloride, heparin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and potassium-sparing diuretic
What are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia
Skeletal muscle weakness, paraesthesias, and paralysis may occur. A variety of cardiac irregularities may result, including cardiac arrest if hyperkalemia is not corrected
What are the intervention for hyperkalemia?
IV (Sodium bicarbonate, and calcium gluconate), Albuterol, Furosemide / hydrochlorothiazide, Dialysis, Watch EKG
What is a good diet for hyperkalemia
No salt substitute, fruits, or green veggies, Limit POTASSIUM, P (potatoes/pork)O (Oranges)T (Tomatoes)A (Avocado)S (strawberries)S (Spinach)I (Fish)U (Mushroom)M (Melons)+ bananas
What does magnesium do?
Metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins///Role in neuromuscular function///Acts on cardiovascular system, producing vasodilation
What is Hypomagnesemia
refers to a magnesium deficit in the ECF (serum magnesium <1.3 mEq/L) book (1.5) class.
What can cause hypomagnesia
nasogastric suction, diarrhea, chronic alcohol use, administration of tube feedings or parenteral nutrition, sepsis, Aminoglycoside, or burns,
What can hypomagnesemia leads to
Muscle weakness, tremors, tetany, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, change in mental status, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) Clonus, and respiratory paralysis. (increase HR and RR) (prolong QT, Depressed ST segment, Inverted T Wave) Torsade de pointes or VFIB
What diet help/hurt in hypo/hypermagnesemia
Chocolate, Cauliflower, Veggies, Avocados, Bananas, oranges, milk, peanuts butter, pork and nuts)
What is hypermagnesia
(serum magnesium level higher than 2.6 mg/dL book]) is a rare electrolyte abnormality, because the kidneys efficiently excrete magnesium (2.5 class).
What causes hypermagnesia
renal failure, excessive magnesium intake, hyperkalemia-Addison’s disease, DKA, Antacids with Mag+ (Tums)
What is the manifestation of hypomagnesemia
nausea, vomiting, weakness, flushing, lethargy, hypoactive DTRs, respiratory depression, coma, and cardiac arrest (low BP, RR, HR), Wide QRs, Prolonged PR interval, Hypoactive Bowel
What are some intervention for myperMag
IV Calcium Gluconate, Monitor labs, Hemodialysis, Diets
What causes phosphorus role in the body
Role in acid–base balance as a hydrogen buffer///Promotes energy storage; carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism///Bone and teeth formation///Role in muscle and red blood cell function
What is hypophosphatemia?
refers to a below-normal concentration of phosphorus in the ECF (serum phosphate <2.5 mg/dL or 1.8 mEq/L book
1.5 class.
What cause hypophosphatemia
Administration of calories to malnourished patients, alcohol withdrawal, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperventilation, absorption problems, and diuretic use.
What is the manifestion of hypophosphatemia
muscle weakness, slurred speech, dysphagia, decreased respiratory effort, paresthesia’s, irritability, confusion, seizures, and coma// Low cardiac output, Ostealgia, Immunosuppression= low platelet increase bleed
What are some common causes of hypophosphatemia
are impaired kidney excretion and hypoparathyroidism
What is hyperphosphatemia?
above-normal concentrations of phosphorus in the ECF (serum phosphate >4.5 mg/dL or 2.6 mEq/L book 2.5 class)
Hypophosphatemia resulting
In hyperreflexia, anorexia, muscle weakness, decreased mental status, and dysrhythmias, Trousseau sign (Arm spasm with BP cuff) and Chvostek sign (smile when touching temporal lobe), larygosmasm, tetany (muscles spams )
What is chloride role in the body?
Major component of interstitial and lymph fluid; gastric and pancreatic juices, sweat, bile, and saliva///Acts with sodium to maintain the osmotic pressure///Combines with hydrogen ions to produce hydrochloric acid
What is hypochloremia
refers to below-normal level of chloride in the ECF (serum chloride <98 mEq/L
What can cause hypochloremia
can result from severe vomiting and diarrhea, drainage of gastric fluid (GI tube), metabolic alkalosis, diuretic therapy, and burns. Administration of aldosterone, ACTH, corticosteroids, bicarbonate, excess diuretics, or laxatives decreases serum chloride
Whatare the signs hypochloremia
hyperexcitability of muscles, tetany, hyperactive DTRs, weakness, and muscle cramps; severe hypochloremia may result in seizures, coma or respiratory arrest///hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis
What is hyperchloremia ?
refers to an above-normal level of chloride in the ECF (serum chloride >108 mEq/L).
Hyperchloremia can result from
metabolic acidosis, hypernatremia, increased chloride retention by the kidneys, and hyperparathyroidism.
Signs and symptoms of hyperchoremia
Include tachypnea, weakness, lethargy, diminished cognitive ability, decreased cardiac output, dysrhythmias, and coma., deep and rapid respirations,
