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ELBS Unit B683 section 1 - Commercial horticulture > elbs brainscape unit three horticulture csv new > Flashcards

elbs brainscape unit three horticulture csv new Flashcards

1
Q

growth medium

A

Something you use to surround plants roots as they grow

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2
Q

thinning

A

pick out and discard any unwanted seedlings

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3
Q

Pricking out

A

When seedlings emerge they are transplanted carefully to space them out

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4
Q

Potting up

A

Taking a seedling from a tray and put it into an individual pot

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5
Q

Potting on

A

take a plant which has filled its current pot entirely and put it into the next size up

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6
Q

heated propagators

A

hot box - Advantages - can be done earlier in the year, can germinate seeds which are difficult at room temperature. Germination is faster

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7
Q

mist propagators

A

Electronic leaf turns on a mist spray when it gets dry then off again when it gets wet so it is always just moist

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8
Q

capillary matting

A

water wicks along the porous mat and keeps the plants watered

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9
Q

Annuals

A

grow flower and seed once per year e.g. tomatos

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10
Q

Biennials

A

grow flower and seed once every TWO years Examples :- Onions Carrots

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11
Q

Perennials

A

grow, flower and seed for many years.

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12
Q

Deciduous

A

trees shed their leaves

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13
Q

Evergreen

A

keep their leaves all winter

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14
Q

propagation

A

making copies of a plant

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15
Q

asexual reproduction

A

without flowers e.g. bulbs, corms, rhizomes, tubers and runners

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16
Q

advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Lots of new plants can be produced very quickly and cheaply

- All the new plants will be identical so the grower can be sure of their colour

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17
Q

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

no variation in the offspring so the plants will not be able to evolve by natural selection
- Any diseases in the parent plant will be easily spread to the next generation

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18
Q

tissue culture

A

cut parts of a plant into very small pieces under sterile conditions. These can be grown on agar gel to make new plants generically identical to the original one. Named example = disease resistant bananas

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19
Q

selective breeding

A

1.Decide which characteristics are important 2.Choose parents that show these characteristics 3.Select the best offspring from parents to breed the next generation 4. Repeat the process continuously for many generations

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20
Q

yield

A

how much crop you can harvest

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21
Q

disease resistance

A

how well they can survive when attacked by disease

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22
Q

hardiness

A

how tough they are

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23
Q

appearance

A

what they look like

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24
Q

hybrid vigour

A

cross breeds doing particularly well, growing and surviving better than either parent.

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25
Q

Genetic engineering

A

introduce genes from other organisms

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26
Q

GM problems

A

escape of GM crops into the wild, long term environmental impact of GM crops , long term effects on humans

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27
Q

ethical problems with GM

A

dependence on GM seed companies such as Monsanto for continued supplies, consumers may not be aware they are eating |GM crops , GM companies may be unscrupulous and take advantage of farmer

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28
Q

plants used in bedding schemes

A

Fuchsia, Pelargonium (geranium), Begonia, marigold, Lobelia

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29
Q

Features of plants used in bedding schemes,

A

Hardy, attractive, non-invasive, long flowering season

30
Q

Aspect

A

which way the ground faces. South facing ground will get more sun, north facing ground will get less.

31
Q

Shade

A

use shade tolerant plants such as ivy.

32
Q

Drainage

A

If it is damp all the time use moisture loving plants such as ferns.

33
Q

trees and shrubs

A

Cherry, Acer, Beech, Birch, Hydrangea, Buddleia, Forsythia, Viburnum

34
Q

windbreaks

A

trees or shrubs planted to give shelter from the wind.

35
Q

foliage

A

leaves

36
Q

FYM

A

Farm Yard Manure

37
Q

Mechanical weed control

A

hoeing, strimming, harrowing

38
Q

Chemical weed control

A

involving herbicides ( weedkillers)

39
Q

effects of pruning

A

Hormones released affect growth

40
Q

auxins

A

plant hormones

41
Q

Rotary lawnmowers

A

blades go around in a flat plane, parallel to the ground.

42
Q

sidewheel/blade (cylinder) mowers

A

the blades go around at right angle to the ground.

43
Q

Cylinder mowers

A

can cut stripes into the grass

44
Q

setting the height of cutting

A

the one-third rule. While the grass is growing fast cut more often. In spring and autumn and during really hot weather, cut less frequently.

45
Q

producing a lawn from seed

A

Grass seed is best sown from late summer to mid-autumn; there is less competition from weeds, and the soil is warm, and damp for germination.
Advantages over turf ? it is cheaper, there are lots of different mixes available and seed is better for trickier areas, such as slopes and corners.

46
Q

glasshouses advantages and disadvantages

A

Good light transmission Fragile, heavy, dangerous when broken

47
Q

polytunnel advantages and disadvantages

A

Light, cheap, not fragile Degrade in sunlight to go opaque

48
Q

cloche advantages and disadvantages

A

Precise, cheap Labour setting them out and moving them

49
Q

fleece ground cover advantages and disadvantages

A

Warms soil Labour, wind, ripping

50
Q

siting a glasshouse

A

In direct light,

  • not near public movements areas/playing fields,
  • not under or near trees
  • orientated long axis east/west so south facing.
  • not in hollows or damp places
  • not in very windy places
51
Q

cold frames

A

unheated boxes with transparent tops. Plants can be put out into them from a greenhouse to get ready for life in the open. They can be opened during the day and closed during the night to toughen plants up

52
Q

advantages and disadvantages of plastic

A

Cheaper, less fragile, lighter
less dangerous

Not long lasting, becomes less transparent, can be ripped

53
Q

advantages and disadvantages of glass

A

Long lasting, transparency doesn?t change, can?t be ripped, More expensive, fragile, heavier, dangerous when broken

More expensive, fragile, heavier, dangerous when broken

54
Q

economic factors involved when using a glasshouse

A

Usage all year round to grow crops out of season. This brings a higher price so you can make more money.

  • temperature control can be automated so that vents open when it gets too hot and heaters come on when it gets too cold . This will maximise growth rate and therefore yield and income
  • automation will reduce labour costs as you don?t have to pay staff
55
Q

biological pest control

A

involves introducing or encouraging another species which will reduce the numbers of the pest species to a less harmful level e.g. by predation.

56
Q

Advantages of biological control

A

Is very often species specific, doesn?t harm other organisms

- Does not build up in the environment

57
Q

Disadvantages of biological control

A

It is slower acting, not all the pests are killed

58
Q

Advantages of using pesticides

A

they are usually quick acting

-If applied correctly they will kill all the pest population

59
Q

Disadvantages of using pesticides

A

They can kill non-target species
They can get into the environment and be harmful
They can bio-accumulate as they go up the food chain ( e.g. DDT in birds of prey)
They can be toxic to humans so protective equipment is needed
They can leave residues in food

60
Q

Examples of biological control

A

parasitic wasps ( Encarsia Formosa) preying on greenhouse whitefly, ladybirds preying on aphids.

61
Q

soil based compost

A

John Innes

62
Q

peat based compost

A

cheap, not good for the environment ( non-renewable, habitat loss) dry out easily

63
Q

soil-less compost

A

contains a mixture of organic materials such as bark and peat moss, maybe composted garden waste, and inorganic materials such as sand or vermiculite, but no field soil.

64
Q

peat-free compost

A

e.g. coir ( coconut husk) ecologically sound, can be fibrous and difficult to wet

65
Q

dangers associated with growing plants year after year in glasshouse soil

A

build up of pests and diseases, Cultivation to same depth ? pan formation, nutrients drawn from the soil and it becomes depleted

66
Q

ethical considerations in the use of peat

A

Peat is a non-renewable fossil resource. It is cut from bog land in hilly regions of the UK and Ireland. The habitat in the bog land provides a home for many species which can?t live anywhere else. The cutting of peat for use as garden compost destroys this habitat.

67
Q

Hydroponics

A

the growing of plants in water solutions

68
Q

commercial advantages of hydroponics

A

precise control over nutrients and water results in high yield, little waste and good product quality.

69
Q

ICT and hydroponics

A

Data-loggers can be used to monitor and control the pH, temperature, oxygen can nutrient contents of the hydroponic solutions. The data can be recorded for long term monitoring. Control of these parameters can be automated.

70
Q

lime

A

add to soil to rise the pH ( make it more alkaline/less acidic)

ELBS Unit B683 section 1 - Commercial horticulture (3 decks)

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