Elbow, Shoulder conditions

Question 1

What is the peak age of incidence of supracondylar humeral fractures?

Answer 1

5-7 years

Question 2

Mechanism of injury of supracondylar humeral fractures

Answer 2

FOOSH with elbow in extension

Question 3

On X-RAY: posterior fat pad sign, displacement of anterior humeral line. What does this indicate?

Answer 3

Supracondylar fracture of the humerus

Question 4

What are some complications of supracondylar fracture?

Answer 4

Nerve palsies: anterior interosseous nerve most commonly
Malunion, cubitus varus deformity
Volkmann’s contracture after vascular compromise

Question 5

Diagnosis: tenderness on palpation over lateral aspect of elbow and radial head. Pain and crepitation on supination/pronation.

Answer 5

Radial head fracture

Question 6

What is a Sail sign and in which pathology i it seen?

Answer 6

Elbow effusions on a lateral projection

Radial head fracture

Question 7

What is the Mason classification used for?

Answer 7

Radial head fractures

Question 8

If the elbow is more stable in supination in elbow dislocation, which ligament has been injured?

Answer 8

Medial collateral

Question 9

What is the terrible triad?

Answer 9

Lateral collateral ligament injury
Radial head fracture
Coronoid fracture

Question 10

What is Tennis elbow?

Answer 10

Lateral epicondylitis

Common extensor tendon attachment.

Question 11

What is Golfers elbow

Answer 11

Medial epicondylitis

Common flexor origin

Question 12

What does positive Cozen’s test and Mil’s test indicate?

Answer 12

Lateral epicondylitis

Question 13

What two tendons are most commonly affected in medial epicondylitis

Answer 13

Pronator teres

Flexor carpi radialis

Question 14

Is the conoid tubercle and trapezioid line lateral or medial?

Answer 14

On lateral inferior surface of clavicle

Question 15

How will fragments displace?

Answer 15

Medial fragment will displace superiorly

Lateral fragment will displace inferiorly

Question 16

How long do clavicle fractures take to heal?

Answer 16

4-6weeks

Question 17

What is the role of supraspinatus

Answer 17

Abduction

Question 18

Infraspinatus action

Answer 18

External rotation

Question 19

Teres minor action

Answer 19

External rotation

Question 20

Subscapularis action

Answer 20

Internal rotation

Question 21

What muscle does Geber’s lift of test for

Answer 21

Subscapularis

Question 22

What is the main complication from rotator cuff tear

Answer 22

Adhesive capsulitis

Question 23

What is the most common type of shoulder dislocation?

Answer 23

Anteroinferior

Question 24

Mechanism of anterior shoulder dislocation

Answer 24

Force being applied to extended, abducted, and externally rotated humerus

Question 25

Mechanism of posterior shoulder dislocation

Answer 25

Electrocution/ seizures

Question 26

What is a Bankart lesion?

Answer 26

Fractures of anterior inferior glenoid bone

Question 27

What is a Hill-Sachs lesion?

Answer 27

Impaction injuries to superior posterior humeral head

Question 28

What does a light bulb sign on X-RAy indicate?

Answer 28

Posterior dislocation | Humerus internally rotated

Question 29

Holstein-Lewis fracture

Answer 29

Fracture of distal third of humerus, results in entrapment of radial nerve Wrist drop

Question 30

What does a positive speed test indicate?

Answer 30

Proximal biceps tendinopathy

Question 31

What does a positive Yergasons test indicate?

Answer 31

Distal biceps tendinopathy

Question 32

Secondary adhesive capsulitis causes

Answer 32

``` Rotator cuff tendinopathy Subacromial impingement syndrome Biceps tendinopathy Previous surgery or trauma Known joint arthropathy ```