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Anatomy 2 > Elbow and Forearm > Flashcards

Elbow and Forearm Flashcards

1
Q

In the Elbow Joint three are four joints, what are they called?

A

1- Humero-ulnar joint
2- Radio- humeral joint
3- Proximal Radio-Ulnar joint
4- Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint

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2
Q

What sort of joint is the Humero-ulnar joint?

A

Synovial Hinge with 1 DOF

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3
Q

What motion occurs at Humero-ulnar joint?

A

Flexion/Extension

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4
Q

The carrying angle of the Humero-ulnar joint is bias to which side?

A

Bias to Ulnar side due to the way the trochlea is located.

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5
Q

There are two collateral ligaments located around humero-ulnar joint. what are they called?

A

Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligament

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6
Q

The normal angulation of the elbow is called what?

A

the slightly abducted angle is called the Carrying angle which is valgus

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7
Q

If you decrease the Carrying angle of the elbow what is it called to do?

A

Varus

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8
Q

When there is hyper valgus force the elbow which ligament is stressed?

A

Medial collateral ligament

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9
Q

When there is hyper varus force on the elbow which ligament is stressed?

A

Lateral collateral ligament

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10
Q

If the Medial collateral ligament is torn what surgery is performed?

A

Tommy John surgery

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11
Q

What comes into contract with the Radio-humeral joint?

A

Fovia of the radial head and capitulum of the humerus

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12
Q

Radio-humeral joint is only comes into contact when what happens?

A

arm is extended and is weight bearing

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13
Q

The radius and humerus comes into contact without weight bearing when? and where?

A

Elbow flexion

Radial head fits into the radial fossa of humerus

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14
Q

Which two joints are the union of the radius and the ulnar in the elbow?

A

Proximal and Distal Radio-Ulnar joint

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15
Q

What is in between the Radial and Ulnar?

A

interosseous membrane

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16
Q

In between the shafts of the radius and the ulnar what type of joint do we have?

A

syndesmosis

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17
Q

What is the function of the interosseous membrane?

A

stabalization and transfer forces between radius and ulnar

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18
Q

Both Radio-ulnar joints have 1 DOF which is what?

A

pronation/supination

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19
Q

What type of joint only has rotation like the Radio-ulnar joints

A

Pivot joints

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20
Q

At the Proximal portion of the Radio-ulnar joint is what ligament?

A

Anular Ligament

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21
Q

What is the Anular Ligament?

A

surrounds the heads of the joints, runs from the radial notch of the ulnar around the head of the radius. The inner surface is lined with hyaline ligament to decrease friction. Due to the head of the Radius’ constant spin.

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22
Q

What happens when the Anular Ligament is torn?

A

not able to pronate or supinate the forearm. the radial head wouldn’t be held in place

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23
Q

Along the distal portion of the Radio-Ulnar joint is what two ligaments?

A

Palmar and Dorsal Radio-ulnar ligament

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24
Q

What are the Palmar and Dorsal Radio ulnar ligament’s function?

A

Palmar radio-ulnar ligament prevents excessive supination

Dorsal radio-ulnar ligament prevents excessive pronation

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25
Q

Where is the area of the palmar and dorsal radio-ulnar ligaments?

A

Running from the distal ulnar-styloid process to Ulnar notch is palmar and dorsal on each side.

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26
Q

What are the three anterior arm muscles?

A

Biceps brachii- supination, elbow flexion, shoulder flexion
Coracobrachialis- just deep to short head of biceps, shoulder flexion, horizontal ADD, and flex ADD
Brachilais- deep to the biceps distally, attaches to anterior aspect of the humerus the distal 2/3. projects inferiorly and inserts into the ulnar tuberosity. ALL types of elbow flexion

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27
Q

what are the attachments of brachialis?

A

anterior aspect of the humerus the distal 2/3 to ulanr tuberosity

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28
Q

What innervates all three anterior arm muscles and why?

A

musculocutaneous nerve bc its the anterior aspect of the arm

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29
Q

What innervates all the posterior muscles of the arm?

A

radial nerve

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30
Q

What action happens with the triceps brachii?

A

shoulder extension and elbow extension

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31
Q

What action happen with the anconeous?

A

elbow stabilizer and small elbow extension

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32
Q

What are the attachments of the ancoenous?

A

Its actually part of the anterior forearm. just inferior to the alecronon process, attaches to the shaft of the ulna to the lateral epicondyle then down to the alecronon.

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33
Q

What are the two common origin points of forearm muscles?

A

medial aspect (medial epicondyle) and lateral aspect (lateral epicondyle) of the humerus

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34
Q

What type of muscles attach to medial and lateral of the humerus for the forearm muscles?

A

Medial- are known as flexor muscles

Lateral- are known as extensor muscles

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35
Q

What layers does Flexors have?

A

Superficial layer, Intermediate layer, and Deep layer

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36
Q

What layers does Extensors have?

A

Superficial layer and deep layer

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37
Q

All muscles that attach to medial and lateral distal humerus cross to the anterior to humeral-ulnar joint. therefore all the muscles that attach to the medial and lateral epicondyles will be weak what muscles to the elbow?

A

weak flexors.

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38
Q

How do you stretch the extensors and flexors of the forearm fully?

A

extend the elbow

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39
Q

What are the four muscles of the superficial layer of the flexors?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris
Pronator teres
Palmaris Longus
Flexor carpi radialis

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40
Q

which superficial flexor muscle is most medial?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris. originates on the medial epicondyles runs medially and attaches to Hook of Hamtae and ends on the base of the the 5th metacarpal.

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41
Q

Which carpal bone is inbedded in the superficial flexor carpi ularis tendon?

A

pisiform

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42
Q

what nerve is just deep to the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Ulnar nerve which also innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris

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43
Q

What action does flexor carpi ulnaris do?

A

wrist flexion and ulnar deviation (palmar adduction)

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44
Q

If the flexor carpi ulnaris contracted alone without any other muscles?

A

combination of forearm flexion and ulnar deviation

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45
Q

Just lateral to the flexor carpi ulnaris is what muscle?

A

palmaris longus

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46
Q

Whats unique about palmaris longus muscle?

A

thin long belly and very long tendon

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47
Q

What are the attachments for palmaris longus?

A

originates medial epicondyle, travels superficial to the carpal tunnel and then blends in with the thick palmar apeneurosis

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48
Q

What motion does palmaris longus provide?

A

very weak wrist flexor due to the thinness. Not everyone has it. you can live without it, its very vistidual.

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49
Q

How can you find the palmaris longus if you had it?

A

resist the forearm flexion and active the palmar apeneurosis by tensing the palm with all fingers together.

50
Q

How many muscles does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

1.5 Flexor carpi ulnaris and half of flexor digitorum profundus

51
Q

since you know only 1.5 muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve what can you assume innervates the palmaris longus?

A

Median nerve

52
Q

What muscle is lateral to palmaris longus?

A

Flexor carpi radialis

53
Q

what are the attachments of flexor carpi radialis?

A

originating on the medial epicondyle of the humerus, travels distally, and continues into the hand into the bases of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals.

54
Q

What does runs just lateral to the flexor carpi radialis run in the level on the wrist?

A

Radial artery

55
Q

what action does flexor carpi radialis do?

A

Wrist flexion and radial deviation (palmar abduction)

56
Q

What needs to happen for uniform wrist flexion?

A

Both Flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi radialis needs to contract. If not there will be slight deviation

57
Q

What are the attaches and orientation of the Pronator teres?

A

originates on the medial epicondyles sweeps across the forearm, and ends mid shaft on the radius.

58
Q

What is the only muscle to not reach the wrist level of the superficial flexor muscles?

A

Pronator Teres

59
Q

What nerve runs in between the two head of the pronator teres?

A

Median Nerve. it is also innervated by the pronator teres

60
Q

What motion does the pronator teres provide?

A

pronation

61
Q

What is the one muscle of the intermediate layer of the flexor?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis just deep to all the superficial layer of the flexor

62
Q

What are the attachments of the flexor digitorum superificalis?

A

originates on the medial epicondyle, projecst downward under the superficial layer, right under it is the median nerve, and transmits into the hand via the carpal tunnel (all 4 tendons) and then into the middle phalanges of digits 2, 3, 4, and 5.

63
Q

What are the actions of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Wrist flexion, metacarpal phalangeal joint flexion, proximal interphalangeal joint flexion of digits 2-5

64
Q

What are the muscles of the deep layer in the flexors?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

65
Q

Where do all the deep layer flexors originate from?

A

medial epicondyle but the flexor digitorum profundus (originates on proximal ulnar on the coronoid process)

66
Q

what are the attachments of Flexor digitorum profundus?

A

Originates from the proximal aspect of the ulnar on the coronoid process, then into carpal tunnel (all 4 tendons) then the tendons attaches to the distal phalanges of 2, 3, 4, 5 digits

67
Q

What innervates the flexor digitorum profundus?

A 
ulnar nerve (medial half)
anterior interosseous nerve branch of the median nerve (lateral aspect)
68
Q

What action does the flexor digitorum profundus provide?

A

wrist flexion, metacarpal phalanges flexion, proximal interphalanges flexion, distal interphalanges flexion.

69
Q

A tear of the flexor digitorum profundus will result in what?

A

jersey fingers, where the tip of the finger won’t flex

70
Q

More lateral to the flexor digitorum profundus is what other deep layer flexor muscle?

A

flexor pollicus longus

71
Q

what is the orientation of the flexor pollicus longus?

A

unipennate, its tendon runs vertically and the muscle fibers run obliquely

72
Q

flexor pollicus longus attachments are what?

A

originates more distally near the interosseous membrane on the distal radius, and runs through the carpal tunnel (1 tendon), and along the 1st digit and attaches to the distal phalange of the thumb.

73
Q

what action dude to flexor pollicus longus?

A

slight wrist flexion, and more importantly first digit flexion

74
Q

flexor pollicus longus is innervated by what?

A

anterior interosseous nerve

75
Q

What muscle runs right along the interosseous membrane in between the ulnar and radius?

A

Pronator quadratus

76
Q

What innervates the pronator quadratus?

A

anterior interosseous nerve

77
Q

what runs up until the pronator quadratus

A

anterior interosseous nerve, artery, and vein

78
Q

How many layers are there for the extensors ?

A

Superficial and deep layer

79
Q

Why is the brachioradialis a good muscle to landmark?

A

It will notify the extensor compartment bc it is the closest muscle to the flexor compartment that is actually originating from the lateral epicondyle

80
Q

What are the attachments of the brachioradialis

A

originates on the lateral supracondylar ridge. (most proximal of all extensors) projects along the lateral aspect of the forearm, attaches to the radius just proximal to the radiostyloid process.

81
Q

what nerve travels just deep to the brachioradialis?

A

traveling just deep to it is the superficial radial nerve

82
Q

what action does the brachioradialis produce?

A

elbow flexion no action in the forearm!!!! bc it doesn’t attach past the wrist

83
Q

What muscle travels just medial to the brachioradialis?

A

extensor carpi radialis longus ECRL

84
Q

What are the attachments of the ECRL?

A

fibers blend into the lateral epicondyle, inserts into the base of the 2nd metacarpal

85
Q

what action does ECRL do?

A

Radial deviation and wrist extension

86
Q

what nerve innervates all the extensors?

A

some sort of radial nerve

87
Q

once the deep radialis nerve enters the Supinator what nerve does it become?

A

posterior interosseous nerve

88
Q

supinator, brachioradilis, extensor carpi radialis longus are the only extensors that are not innervated by which nerve?

A

posterior interosseous nerve

89
Q

What extensor muscles does the Deep radial nerve innervate?

A

Brachioradialis, ECRL, and Supinator

90
Q

what muscle is just medial to the ECRL?

A

ECRB extensor carpi radialis brevis

91
Q

what are the attachments of ECRB?

A

originates in the lateral epicondyle, insert into the base of the 3rd metacarpal

92
Q

what action does ECRB provide?

A

wrist extension, and radial deviation slight due to the very medial positioning on the forearm.

93
Q

What muscles travels medial to ECRB?

A

extensor digitorum

94
Q

What does the extensor digitorum not do?

A

extend the digits

95
Q

what are the attachments of the extensor digitorum?

A

originates on the lateral epicondyle, its 4 tends will enter the wrist dorsally then barely cross the proximal interphalangeal joints. inserts into the middle phalanges of digits 2, 3, 4, and 5

96
Q

what actions does the extensor digitorum actually prodive?

A

extends the wrist, extend the metacarpal phalangeal joints, and very slight extension of proximal interphalangeal joints

97
Q

what muscle looks like an extension of the extensor digitorum?

A

extensor digiti minimi

98
Q

where does the extensor digiti minimi attach to?

A

tendon to base of the middle phalange of digit 5

99
Q

where does the extensor carpi ulnaris attach to?

A

base of the 5th metacarpal of the dorsal surface

100
Q

what motion does the extensor carpi ulnaris provide?

A

ulnar deviation and extension

101
Q

what innervates the extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

posteior interosseous nerve

102
Q

What is the difference between extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis and flexor carpi radialis in respect to their attachments?

A

one muscle -Flexor carpi radialis attaches to base of metacarpal 2 and 3 digits
two muscles Extensor carpi radilais longus and brevis attaches to base of 2 and 3 digits

103
Q

what happens when extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor capri ulnaris were to contract what happens?

A

wrist extension evenly

104
Q

How do you find the supinator?

A

deep to ECRB Extensor digitorum and follow it up all the way to the lateral epicondyle and split the extensor wad

105
Q

what is the attachment of the supinator?

A

lateral epicondyle to neck of the radius and radial tuberosity

106
Q

what innervates the supinator

A

deep radial nerve

107
Q

when does the supinator supinate?

A

unlike the biceps brachii, it supinates in all positions where as biceps only supinate when flexed

108
Q

If you take the extensor digitorum and move it to the side what two muscle bellies are there deep to it?

A

Extensor indicies and extensor pollicis longus

109
Q

Extensor indicies and extensor pollicis longus: which is ulnar side and which is radial side?

A

extensor indicies is on the ulnar side

extensor pollicis longus is on the radial side

110
Q

The extendor indicies enters the hand as a tendon to the 2nd digits under what other tendon?

A

extensor digitorum

111
Q

where does the extendor indicies attach to? hint: same as extensor digitorum.

A

base of the middle phlange of the 2nd digit

112
Q

extensor pollicis longus loops around what bony landmark?

A

Lister’s tubercle

113
Q

where does the extensor pollicis longus attach to?

A

distal phalanx of the thumb

114
Q

extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus have close muscle bellies that loops around what bone and originates in what region?

A

originates near the interosseous membrane and loops around the radius

115
Q

where does the extensor pollicis brevis attach to?

A

dives under the dorsum the of the 1st digit attaches to the distal phlange of 1st digit

116
Q

How can you differentiate extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus?

A

abductor pollicis longus dives anteriorly to the base of the 1st digit whereas the extensor pollicis brevis attaches to the dorsal distal phlange of 1st digit

117
Q

what forms the borders of the anatomical snuff box?

A

extensor pollicus longus, extensor pollicis brevis, and abductor pollicis longus

118
Q

If someone had radial nerve lesion at the level of the elbow, what problem would they have? what about at the level of the wrist?

A

Level of elbow: problem with elbow extension

level of wrist: wrist drop or waiters tip position

119
Q

Axillary nerve travels through what?

A

quadrangular space

120
Q

when can the axillary nerve be compressed?

A

during surgical neck fracture and prolonged compression due to crutches

121
Q

test

A

test

Anatomy 2 (6 decks)

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