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CLINICAL METHODS MIDTERM > EKG BASICS > Flashcards

EKG BASICS Flashcards

1
Q

definition: cardiac cells; electrically polarized at rest

A

myocytes

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2
Q

what charge do inside of myocytes have?

A

electro-negatively charged compared to outside

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3
Q

how is polarity maintained in myocytes?

A

sodium-potassium membrane pumps

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4
Q

how is relative electro-positive extracellular state maintained?

A

3 Na pumped out for every 2 K pumped in (requires ATP)

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5
Q

definition: electrical power source of the heart; depolarize spontaneously

A

pacemaker cells

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6
Q

definition: hard-wiring of the heart

A

electrical conducting cells

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7
Q

definition: the contractile machinery of the heart

A

myocardial cells

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8
Q

how is rate of depolarization of pacemaker cells determined?

A

determined by the innate electrical characteristics of that cell and the external neurohormonal input

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9
Q

what is the normal intrinsic pacing rate of the SA node?

A

60-100bpm, but can vary with ANS stimulation

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10
Q

definition: all heart cells possess ability to behave as a pacemaker. suppressed unless SA node fails

A

automaticity

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11
Q

what is the normal intrinsic pacing rate of the atrial foci?

A

60-75bpm

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12
Q

what is the normal intrinsic pacing rate of the junctional foci (AV node)?

A

40-60bpm

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13
Q

what is the normal intrinsic pacing rate of the ventricular foci?

A

25-40bpm

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14
Q

definition: ventricular conducting cells

A

purkinje fibers

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15
Q

definition: atrial conducting pathways that travel through the intra-atrial septum; allows for rapid activation of the LA from the RA

A

bachman’s bundle

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16
Q

definition: when a wave of depolarization reaches a myocardial cell, calcium is released within the cell allowing actin and myosin to interact, causing the cell to contract

A

excitation-contraction coupling

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17
Q

how is the duration of a wave measured?

A

fractions of a second

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18
Q

how is the amplitude of a wave measured?

A

millivolts

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19
Q

definition: shape and appearance of a wave

A

configuration

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20
Q

horizontal axis of EKG measures what?

A

time

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21
Q

vertical axis of EKG measures what?

A

voltage

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22
Q

small/large square horizontal distance =

A

0.04/0.2sec

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23
Q

small/large square vertical distance =

A

0.1/0.5mV

24
Q

the P wave is a recording of what?

A

atrial depolarization

25
Q

define what the 1st and 2nd part of the P wave represent

A

1st part: RA depolarization

2nd part: LA depolarization

26
Q

definition: AV node delays conduction from the atria to the ventricles to allow atria to finish contracting/emptying their volume completely into the ventricles before the ventricles contract

A

AV nodal delay

27
Q

name the three components of ventricular conduction

A
  1. bundle of his
  2. bundle branches
  3. terminal purkinje fibers
28
Q

definition: marks the beginning of ventricular depolarization and contraction

A

QRS complex

29
Q

definition: restoration of electronegative state so that myocardial cells can be restimulated

A

repolarization

30
Q

represents the wave of ventricular repolarization

A

t wave

31
Q

why do we not see the wave of atrial repolarization?

A

it is obscured by the QRS complex

32
Q

definition: measures time from start of atrial depolarization to start of ventricular depolarization

A

PR interval

33
Q

definition: measures time from end of ventricular depolarization to the start of ventricular repolarization

A

ST segment

34
Q

definition: measures time from beginning of ventricular depolarization to the end of ventricular repolarization

A

QT interval

35
Q

definition: a wave of depolarization towards a positive electrode

A

positive deflection

36
Q

definition: a wave of depolarization away from a positive electrode

A

negative deflection

37
Q

definition: a depolarizing wave moving perpendicular to a positive electrode

A

biphasic wave

38
Q

a wave of repolarization moving toward a positive electrode gives a ________ ___________ and vice versa

A

negative deflection

39
Q

a 12-lead EKG includes what leads?

A

six limb leads (2 electrodes on arms, 2 on legs = 3 standard leads + 3 augmented leads
six precordial leads (six electrodes placed across the chest)

40
Q

position of V1 lead

A

4th intercostal (right)

41
Q

position of v2 lead

A

4th intercostal (left)

42
Q

position of v3 lead

A

between v2 and v4

43
Q

position of v4 lead

A

5th intercostal space midclavicular

44
Q

position of v5 lead

A

5th intercostal space anterior axillary line

45
Q

position of v6 lead

A

5th intercostal space midaxillary line

46
Q

describe where the positive and negative terminals of the precordial leads are

A

all electrodes are +

central - terminal is created by connecting all 3 extremity leads

47
Q

which leads make up the anterior view of the heart?

A

v2, v3, v4

48
Q

which leads make up the left lateral view of the heart?

A

I, aVL, v5, v6

49
Q

which leads make up the inferior view of the heart?

A

II, III, aVF

50
Q

which leads make up the right ventricular view of the heart?

A

aVR, v1

51
Q

how long does the PR interval last on EKG?

A

0.12-0.2sec

52
Q

what is the normal amplitude of the Q wave?

A

-0.1mV

53
Q

a large negative deflection of the Q wave in leads II, III, and aVF denote what pathology?

A

inferior MI

54
Q

the R wave is smallest/largest in which leads?

A

v1/v5

55
Q

how long does a normal QRS complex last?

A

0.06-0.1sec

56
Q

the QT interval composes ___% of the normal cardiac cycle (R-R)

A

40%

CLINICAL METHODS MIDTERM (5 decks)

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