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physiology exam 2 > EKG > Flashcards

EKG Flashcards

1
Q

what information do limb leads provide

A

provide information in the frontal plane of the body

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2
Q

what are the limb leads

A
  • bipolar limb leads (I,II,II)
  • augmented unipolar limb leads (aVR, aVL, aVF)
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3
Q

what are the bipolar limb leads

A

I, II, III

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4
Q

What are the augmented unipolar limb leads

A

aVR, aVL, aVF

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5
Q

what information does the chest leads provide

A

provide information in the transverse plane of body

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6
Q

what are the chest leads

A

precordial leads V1-V6

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7
Q

what information can be obtained from an EKG

A
  1. pattern and frequency of events
  2. conduction time
  3. direction of depolarization and repolarization of cardiac structures
  4. size of chamber
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8
Q

list the sequence of electrical events in the heart

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. Bundle of His
  4. Bundle branches (left and right)
  5. Purkinje fibers
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9
Q

impulse passes from atria into ventricles through which node

A

AV node

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10
Q

what happens with conduction to ensure atrial contraction precedes ventricular contraction to allow complete ventricular filling

A

Action Potential briefly delayed at AV node

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11
Q

impulse travels rapidly down interventricular septum via

A

bundle of His

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12
Q

impulse rapidly disperses throughout myocardium by means of

A

purkinje fibers

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13
Q

interval

A

a period of time that includes waves

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14
Q

segments

A

a period of time between waveforms

  • normally isoelectric
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15
Q

what is the P wave? how many seconds is it in duration normally

A
  • depolarization of both atria
  • first wave in cardiac cycle
  • 0.08-0.10 seconds
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16
Q

what is the QRS complex

A

depolarization of both ventricles

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17
Q

how many seconds is the QRS in duration normally

A

0.05-0.10 sec

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18
Q

what is the T wave

A

repolarization of the ventricles

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19
Q

what does T wave inversion indicate

A

may indicate coronary ischemia or left ventricular hypertrophy

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20
Q

tall and narrow (“peaked” or “tented”) symmetrical T waves may indicate what condition

A

hyperkalemia

21
Q

flat T waves may indicate what condition

A

coronary ischemia or hypokalemia

22
Q

why is the T wave an upward deflection

A

repolarization of the ventricle is a negative current and it happens in the opposite direction of depolarization

  • this double negative (charge and direction) causes T wave to be positive
23
Q

why is the depolarization of the SA and AV nodes not reflected by any wave in the EKG

A

mass of tissue is too small

24
Q

what is the U wave

A
  • not always seen
  • repolarization of papillary muscles
25
Q

prominant U waves are seen with what conditions

A
  • hypokalemia
  • hypercalcemia
  • thyrotoxicosis
26
Q

what is the P-R interval

A
  • measured from beginning of P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex
  • represents time for atrial depolarization and the delay through the AV node
27
Q

what is the normal value for the P-R interval

A

0.12-0.20 seconds

28
Q

what is the P-R segment

A
  • isoelectric period between end of P wave and beginning of QRS complex
  • period between atrial and ventricular depolarization
29
Q

what is the P-R segment used as a baseline for

A

to evaluate the EKG for QRS complex or S-T segment displacement

30
Q

what is the Q-T interval

A
  • measured from onset of QRS complex to end of T wave
  • time for ventricular depolarization and repolarization
  • approximates the time for a ventricular action potential
31
Q

what is the Q-T interval dependent on

A

heart rate

32
Q

what is the S-T segment

A
  • period of time between end of QRS complex and beginning of T wave
  • corresponds to period between completion of ventricular depolarization and beginning of ventricular repolarization
  • corresponds to plateau of ventricular action potential
  • isoelectric
33
Q

what is the P-P interval

A
  • time between consecutive atrial depolarizations
  • measured from beginning of one P to beginning of next P
  • can be used to determine atrial rate
34
Q

What is R-R interval

A
  • measured from beginning of one QRS to beginning of next QRS
  • can be used to determine ventricular rate
35
Q

what is the normal length of ST segment

A

0.36 seconds

36
Q

what is average time for normal T wave

A

0.16 seconds

37
Q

what is the TP interval

A

ventricles are relaxing and filling

38
Q

x axis on EKG reads paper speed. paper speed = what mm/sec

A

25 mm/sec

39
Q

y axis on ekg measures voltage gain. voltage gain = what mV/cm

A

1 mV/cm

40
Q

identify voltage polarities

A
  • up = positive
  • down = negative
  • baseline (0mV) is the isoelectric line
41
Q

big boxes on EKG represent how much time

A

0.2 seconds

42
Q

a small box within a big EKG box correlates to how many seconds

A

0.04 seconds

43
Q

a big box on EKG correlates to what volgate gain

A

0.5 mV

44
Q

a small box on EKG represents what voltage gain

A

0.1 mV

45
Q

how do you determine heart rate in an EKG: (not quick estimation)

A
  • rate (bpm) = beats per 6 seconds x 10
  • determine how many QRS complexes are in a 6 second interval: first QRS complex is time zero
46
Q

6 seconds = how many large boxes

A

30 large boxes

47
Q

what is the quick estimation to determine HR on a EKG

A

HR = 300/# large squares per cycle

48
Q

what are A-V nodal conduction blocks

A
  • partial or complete failure of the AV node to spread the action potential from atria to ventricles

physiology exam 2 (7 decks)

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