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physiology exam 2 > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

cholinergic nerves

A

nerves that synthesize and release ACh as their neurotransmitter

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2
Q

cholinergic receptor

A

receptors for Ach

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3
Q

what are the two main types of cholinergic receptors

A
  • nicotinic (N)
  • muscarinic (M)
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4
Q

adrenergic nerves

A

nerves that synthesize and release norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter

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5
Q

adrenergic receptor

A

receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine.

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6
Q

what are the two main types of adrenergic receptor

A

alpha and beta

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7
Q

autonomic division

A

independent of conscious thought or control

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8
Q

autonomic pathway consist of what type of nerve pathway

A

preganglionic - ganglion - postganglionic

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9
Q

what does the somatic pathway consist of

A

single motorneuron projecting from ventral horn of the spinal cord directly to the muscle

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10
Q

which is slower somatic or autonomic system? Why?

A

autonomic is slower because it has lightly myelinated or unmyelinated neurons while somatic division has myelinated axons

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11
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic (thoracolumbar) and parasympathetic (craniosacral)

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12
Q

all pre-ganglionic fibers release what neurotransmitter onto what type of receptors in the ganglia

A
  1. acetylcholine
  2. nicotinic receptors
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13
Q

postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division release what neurotransmitter onto what type of receptors in the target organs

A
  1. acetylcholine
  2. muscarinic receptors
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14
Q

for the most part, post-ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division release what neurotransmitter onto what receptors in the target organs (all except those fibers that innervate sweat glands)

A
  1. norepinephrine
  2. adrenergic receptors
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15
Q

post-ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division release what neurotransmitter into the receptors on sweat glands

A

acetylcholine

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16
Q

the adrenal medulla is a modified part of the sympathetic nervous system. Stimulation of preganglionic fiber prompts secretion of what 2 hormones

A
  • epinephrine (adrenaline) - 80%
  • norepinephrine - 20%
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17
Q

what gland can cause body-wide release of epinephrine and norepinephrine in an extreme emergency (adrenaline rush)

A

adrenal gland

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18
Q

post-ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division release what neurotransmitter in the innervation of renal vasculature

A

dopamine

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19
Q

location of neuron sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies

A

intermediolateral cell column in the spinal cord (T1-T3)

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20
Q

are sympathetic preganglionic myelinated

A

yes

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21
Q

primary neurotransmitter released in sympathetic preganglionic neurons

A

acetylcholine

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22
Q

primary postsynaptic receptor recieiving neurotransmitter from sympathetic preganglionic neuron

A

nicotinic

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23
Q

location of sympathetic postganglionic cell bodies

A

prevertebral and paravertebral ganglia

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24
Q

are sympathetic postganglionic myelinated

A

no

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25
Q

what is the primary neurotransmitter that sympathetic postganglionic neurons carry

A

norepinephrine

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26
Q

primary postsynaptic receptor that recieves neurotransmitter from sympathetic postganglionic neuron

A

adrenergic

27
Q

location of parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies

A

brainstem and sacral spinal cord (S2-S4)

28
Q

are parasympathetic preganglionic neurons myelinated

A

yes

29
Q

what is the primary neurotransmitter carried in parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

A

acetylcholine

30
Q

what is the primary postsynaptic receptor that receives neurotransmitter from parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

A

nicotinic

31
Q

location of parasympathetic postganglionic neuron cell bodies

A

terminal ganglia in or near target organ

32
Q

are parasympathetic postganglionic neurons myelinated

A

no

33
Q

primary neurotransmitter carried in parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

A

acetylcholine

34
Q

primary postsynaptic receptor that recieves neurotransmitter from parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

A

muscarinic

35
Q

what neurotransmitters does the adrenal medulla secrete as part of the sympathetic system

A
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • dopamine
36
Q

preganglionic and postganglion nerve fibers of the parasympathetic system secrete what neurotransmitter

A

Ach

37
Q

how is acetylcholine synthesized

A

from Acetyl CoA and choline by choline acetyl transferase (Chat)

38
Q

sythesis of norepinephrine

A
  1. tyrosine enters nerve terminal
  2. converted to DOPA
  3. DOPA converted to dopamine
  4. dopamine converted to norepinephrine
39
Q

what are the subtypes of adrenergic receptors in the synaptic cleft that norepinephrine acts on

A

alpha and beta

40
Q

after release into the synaptic cleft, how is norepinephrine taken up by the presynaptic vesicle

A
  • uptake by active pump mechanism NET
41
Q

cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants inhibit the uptake of what neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron

A

norepinephrine

42
Q

after uptake into the presynaptic neuron, norepinephrine is metabolized by what enzymes

A
  • COMT
  • and to a lesser extent: MAO
43
Q

which is more likely to be detected in the blood: acetylcholine or norepinephrine

A

norepinephrine

44
Q

what organs have single innervation from the sympathetic nervous system

A
  1. sweat glands
  2. peripheral blood vessels
  3. hair follicles
  4. brown adipose tissue
  5. adrenal medulla
  6. kidney
45
Q

for organs innervated by both PNS and SNS, what determines the net effect on that organ

A

ratio of PNS/SNS

46
Q

visceral sensory and autonomic neurons participate in what function that enables defecation and micturition

A

visceral reflex arc

47
Q

implications for dual innervation of SNS and PNS: reciprocal effects

A

one system inhibits while the other stimulates activity of the target organ

  • provides fine control of organ function
  • ex: control of HR and intestinal motility
48
Q

implications for dual innervation of SNS and PNS: cooperative effects. give an example

A
  • promote same goal
  • salivary gland secretion and male sexual response
49
Q

examples of reciprocal effects: list some examples of SNS fight/flight “stress” response

A
  • inhibit digestion
  • increase HR
  • dilate pupil
  • stimulate hepatic glycogenolysis
50
Q

examples of reciprocal effects: list some examples of PNS vegetative “rest”

A
  • enhance digestion
  • slows HR
  • constricts pupil
  • release of insulin from pancreas
51
Q

most arterioles and veins recieve only what type of innervation

A

sympathetic

52
Q

innervation of arteries and capillaries

A

not innervated

53
Q

most sweat glands are innervated only by

A

sympathetic nerves

54
Q

innervation of salivary glands, lacrimal glands, and male sexual organs

A

SNS and PNS but activity is cooperative (not reciprocal)

55
Q

list effect of cooperative effects of PNS and SNS on salivary glands

A
  • SNS: viscous secretion
  • PNS: watery secretion
56
Q

list effect of cooperative effects of PNS and SNS on lacrimal glands

A

SNS and PNS both cause secretion

57
Q

list effect of cooperative effects of PNS and SNS on sexual response (male)

A
  • PNS: male erection
  • SNS: ejaculation
58
Q

during filling of the bladder, what innervation predominates

A

sympathetic

  • causes detrusor muscle to relax
  • contracts internal sphincter
  • external sphincter is under voluntary control
59
Q

during micturition, what innervation predominates

A

parasympathetic

  • detrusor muscle contracts
  • internal sphincter relaxes
60
Q

role of hypothalamus in control of autonomic activities

A

intergrates autonomic, somatic, and endocrine responses that automatically accompany various emotional and behavioral states

61
Q

role of medulla in control of autonomic activities

A

region directly responsible for autonomic output

62
Q

role of autonomic reflexes in control of autonomic activities

A

ex: urination, defecation, and erection are integrated at spinal cord

63
Q

role of amygdala in control of autonomic activities

A
  • function: main limbic region for emotions
  • stimulates sympathetic activity, especially previously learned fear-related behavior
64
Q

role of reticular formation of brain stem in control of autonomic activities

A

most direct influence over autonomic function

physiology exam 2 (7 decks)

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