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Winter 2014 / FCM 4 Annie > Eight Principles > Flashcards

Eight Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Eight Principles?

A

Exterior-Interior
Cold-Heat
Vacuity-Repletion
Yin-Yang

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2
Q

What is a Combination disease? What are some examples?

A
  • A two or three-fold concurrence of either unpaired principles, or of interior & exterior.
  • e.g. Interior-exterior combination disease.
  • e.g. Vacuity-heat-interior combination disease.
  • NOTE: Most diseases fall into the category of Combination disease.
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3
Q

What is a Conversion disease? What are some examples?

A
  • Displacement of sx of one principle by sx of the opposing principle of the pair.
  • e.g. External pattern converts to an interior pattern (generally indicates abatement of right qi & advancing pathogenic qi).
  • e.g. Interior pattern exits to exterior (generally indicates recovery of right qi & abatement of pathogenic qi).
  • e.g. Cold pattern converts to heat pattern.
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4
Q

What are some factors that affect Conversion disease?

A
  • Strength of pathogenic qi
  • Vacuity of right qi
  • Inappropriate treatment
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5
Q

What is a Complex disease?

A

Two possibilities for Complex disease (both are contradictory, but there are signs of coexistence):

1) Simultaneous cold & heat
2) Simultaneous vacuity & repletion

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6
Q

What are some examples of Complex disease?

A
  • True Heat & False Cold
  • True Cold & False Heat
  • True Repletion & False Vacuity
  • True Vacuity & False Repletion
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7
Q

What are the essential signs & sx of an Exterior disease?

A

1) Aversion to Wind or Cold
2) Fever or Chills
3) Floating pulse
4) Acute or short duration of signs & sx

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8
Q

What is the pathomechanism for aversion to wind or cold?

A

Depression of lung defense / wei qi causes aversion to wind or cold.

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9
Q

What is the pathomechanism for headache & limb pain?

A

Pathogenic qi obstructs qi & blood flow in the channels, causing H/A & limb pain.

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10
Q

What is the pathomechanism for nasal congestion & cough?

A

Obstruction of lung diffusion causes nasal congestion & cough.

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11
Q

What is the pathomechanism for cold leading to lack of sweat?

A

Cold constricts the pores, so there is no sweat.

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12
Q

What is the pathomechanism for cold leading to sweat?

A
  • Patient is deficient and Wei Qi is vacuous, so pores stay open and there is sweat.
  • Or, Ying Qi is vacuous, therefore not contained internally and comes out as sweat.
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13
Q

What are the main causes of internally generated disease (aka Interior disease)?

A

1) Externally-contracted pathogens penetrate to the interior (conversion of Exterior disease to Interior disease).
2) Direct strike of external pathogens to the interior.
3) Other causes including: affect-mind damage, dietary irregularities, taxation fatigue, viscera-bowel or qi-blood irregularities, medications

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14
Q

What is “direct strike”? What are some examples?

A
  • When something has penetrated the interior directly.
  • e.g. eating something cold, like ice cream or salad
  • e.g. eating something very hot
  • e.g. injection of something like chemotherapy or flu shot
  • e.g. immersion into cold water
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15
Q

What are some general signs & sx of Interior disease?

A
  • Pulse is deep (does not necessarily mean cold or vacuous).
  • Disease course generally long.
  • Disease generally more severe.
  • Disease onset may be either acute or insidious.
  • No aversion to wind or cold.
  • No floating pulse.
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16
Q

What are the 4 common possibilities of Interior disease?

A
  • Interior Heat
  • Interior Repletion
  • Interior Cold
  • Interior Vacuity
17
Q

What is a Midstage pattern?

A
  • Shao Yang pattern: half-exterior, half-interior
  • Disease hasn’t decided whether it will move in or out.
  • Externally contracted pathogens are depressed between the exterior & interior.
18
Q

What is a Dual Exterior-Interior pattern? What are some examples?

A
  • A complex condition where the same pathogen invades Interior & Exterior at the same time.
  • e.g. Cold Exterior pattern & Cold Interior pattern
  • e.g. Hot Exterior pattern & Hot Interior pattern
19
Q

What are the some general signs & sx of Cold patterns?

A
  • Moist white tongue fur

- No thirst or thirst w/ desire for warm fluids

20
Q

What are some Repletion Cold signs & sx?

A
  • Tight pulse (whereas slow pulse is a Vacuity Cold sign)
  • Repletion Cold signs tend to be abdominal: pain in stomach duct or abdomen, fulminant vomiting, fulminant diarrhea or constipation
  • Fulminant panting & fullness in chest
  • Green-blue facial complexion
21
Q

What are some Vacuity Cold signs & sx?

A
  • Slow pulse
  • Aversion to cold
  • Somber-white facial complexion
  • Desire for quietness
  • Curled up recumbent posture (“shrimp position”)
  • Counterflow cold of limbs
  • Long voidings of clear urine
22
Q

What are the causes of Cold patterns?

A

1) Yin pathogens enter body (Repletion Cold - “when yin is exuberant there is cold”)
2) Debilitated Yang Qi (Vacuity Cold - “when yang is vacuous there is cold”)

23
Q

What are some Repletion Heat signs & sx?

A
  • Red face, red eyes
  • Vigorous fever
  • Vexation & agitation
  • Thirst for cool fluids
  • Hard dry bound stool
  • Short voidings of reddish urine
  • Tongue: red or crimson body, yellow fur
  • Pulse: rapid, surging, large
24
Q

What is the difference between Vexation, Irritation, and Agitation?

A
  • Vexation refers to HT only.
  • Irritation refers to LV only.
  • Agitation affiliated with Heat causing movement internally.
25
Q

What are some Vacuity Heat signs & sx?

A
  • Vexing heat in the five hearts
  • Steaming bone tidal fever (pt feels very hot internally though there may not be sweating; tidal means fever more towards end of day)
  • Dry throat & mouth
  • Tongue: smooth, bare, red
  • Pulse: fine, rapid
26
Q

What are the causes of Heat patterns?

A

1) Invasion of Yang pathogen (“when yang prevails, there is heat”)
2) Insufficiency of Yin-humor (“when yin is vacuous, there is heat”)

27
Q

What are the causes of Vacuity patterns? What is the treatment principle?

A
  • Weak constitution
  • Damage to right qi
  • Due to illness, loss of blood, loss of jing, or great sweating
  • NOTE: Vacuity refers to emptiness of vital substance associated with that organ (SP=qi; LV=blood; KD=yin, qi, yang, jing; etc)
  • TX: Supplementation, Tonification, Nourishment
28
Q

What are the causes of Repletion patterns? What is the treatment principle?

A
  • Repletion is associated with exuberant pathogenic qi AND the strength of the body’s reaction to the pathogenic qi. (Pathogens are always replete, but it’s the body’s response that varies.)
  • TX: Draining, Clearing
29
Q

What are some Yin Vacuity signs & sx? What is the treatment principle?

A
  • Sx: nighttime sweating, dizziness, tinnitus, thirst, dry mouth or throat, malar flush, 5-center heat, insomnia, red face/flushing due to yang floating up unfettered
  • Signs: red-crimson tongue w/ little or no coat, thready or fine pulse
  • Organs most affected: LV, KD, LU, ST, HT
  • TX: Clear heat, Enrich yin
30
Q

What are some causes of Yin Vacuity?

A
  • Heat from warm disease that depletes yin fluids.
  • Excessive blood loss, sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea.
  • Enduring disease, taxation fatigue, excessive sex, emotions.
  • Excessive intake of warm, dry medicinals that rob the yin.
31
Q

What are some Yang Vacuity signs & sx? What is the treatment principle?

A
  • Sx: bright white facial complexion, fatigue, lack of strength, aversion to cold, lazy speaking, cold limbs, lying curled up, spontaneous sweating, clear copious urination, loose/sloppy stool
  • Signs: pale & puffy tongue w/ white wet coat, slow & forceless pulse
  • TX: Warm the Yang, Disperse Cold
32
Q

What are some causes of Yang Vacuity?

A
  • Delay of treatment of internal cold.
  • Excessive intake of cold medicinals or food.
  • Excessive taxation, old age.

Winter 2014 / FCM 4 Annie (5 decks)

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