Eight Principles Flashcards
Define Syndrome
pathological summary of location, cause, nature
Differentiate Locations
Space: HT, KD, bone, mouth, tendon, great yang meridian
Level: defensive qi, nutritive level, blood, lower burner, middle burner
Differentiate Cause/Nature
Abstract: heat, cold, yin, yang, excessive, deficiency
Concrete: water retention, food retention, blood stasis, dampness
2 things that’s included in the Space Location?
- Zang-Fu organs/internal organs
- Meridians/channels
Summarize the 8 Principles
Exterior/Interior: location of the disease
Heat/Cold: nature of the disease
Excessive/Def: pathological change of disease
Yin/Yang: category of disease
What is Exterior Syndrome?
Invasion of 6 pathogenic factors. Enters through mouth, nose, skin. This is the early stage of exterior disease
Clinical Manifestations of Exterior Syndrome?
- Fever
- Aversion to Cold
- Aching head/body
- Thin tongue coating
- Floating pulse
Exterior Cold/Wind/Heat Syndrome requires what?
Requires Wind to enter the body as Wind blows open the skin pores, allowing pathogen to enter
What is Interior Syndrome?
Internal organs are affected. Disharmony of: Zang-Fu organs, qi-blood, and bone marrow
What are the 3 causes of Interior Syndrome?
- Failure to cure exterior syndrome, allowing illness to enter the body
- Exterior pathogen directly attacks viscera
- Disharmony of emotion, diet, lifestyle, chronic fatigue
Clinical Manifestations of Interior Syndrome?
- Tidal fever, heat w/o cold, cold w/o heat
- Stomach or abdominal pain, vomiting
- Scanty coating
- deep pulse
What is Semi-Exterior and Semi-Interior?
A stage that pathogenic factors transmit from exterior to interior. Also called Shao Yang Syndrome.
Clinical Manifestations of Shao Yang Syndrome?
- Alternating feeling of cold and heat
- Fullness or ache in epigastrium and hypochondrium
- Blurred eyes
- Wiry pulse
Define Cold and Heat Syndrome.
Nature of a disease. Reflect wax and wane of yin yang in the body
Describe Cold Syndrome.
Cold in nature.
Exterior: pathogenic cold invades the skin
Interior: cold attacks the viscera = excessive / yang constitution = def
Clinical Manifestations of Cold Syndrome.
- Aversion to cold/feeling cold
- Cold limbs, lie curl up
- Pale bright white face
- Abundant clear urine, loose stool
T: Pale tongue, moist white coating
P: slow or tight
Describe Heat Syndrome.
Heat in nature.
Exterior: pathogenic heat invades the skin
Interior:
- exterior pathogen transmits to interior = changes into heat
- qi stagnation/food retention changes into heat = excessive heat
- yin def, empty heat generates from interior = deficiency heat
Clinical Manifestation of Heat Syndrome.
- Aversion to heat,
- Thirst, desire to drink cold drinks
- Red face and eyes
- Irritability
- Yellow sputum and discharge
- Scanty dark urine
T: Red tongue, yellow coating
P: rapid
Describe the mixture of Cold and Heat Syndrome.
Different nature of syndromes on one patient, can be seen in Jue Yin (Terminal Yin)
What is the cause of True Heat with False Cold Syndrome?
Interior excess heat obstructs Yang Qi > Yang Qi stagnates and can’t go out
4 Clinical Manifestations of True Heat Symptoms.
- High fever
- Foul and hoarse breath
- Thirst, like cold drinks
- Scanty yellow urine, constipated
T: yellow with dry coating
P: pulse with strength
4 Clinical Manifestations of Yin Cold Symptoms.
- Aversion to cold/shivers
- Cold limbs
- Unconsciousness
- Dark purplish face
P: deep pulse
What is the cause of True Cold with False Heat Syndrome?
Interior excess cold expel deficiency yang floating out
3 Clinical Manifestations of True Cold Symptoms.
- Cold limbs
- Abundant clear urine
- Pale tongue, white coating
4 Clinical Manifestation of False Yang Symptoms.
- Self-felt fever
- Red cheeks (like make-up)
- Irritability
- Large, floating pulse; without strength when pressing
When does Real and False Manifestations happen for Cold and Heat Syndromes?
Real Manifestations:
Happens from the beginning
False Manifestations:
Happens during the late stage only
Real and False Manifestations Locations
Real Manifestation:
Chest, abdomen, fluid, qi-blood
IE. Fluid - thirst, urine / Centre Heat - chest, abdomen excessive heat/cold
False Manifestation:
Superficial level, extremities, face
Describe Excessive and Deficiency.
The fight between pathogenic qi and healthy qi.
Excessive: predominance of pathogenic qi
Deficiency: healthy qi deficiency
Describe the causes of Excessive Syndrome.
- Exterior pathogenesis invades the body
- Accumulation of pathogenesis production (dampness, phlegm, blood stasis, fluids) due to viscera dysfunction
Describe the causes of Deficiency Syndrome.
- Prenatal def
- Postnatal def (due to malnutrition esp w kids during developmental stage, affects SP)
- Healthy qi deficiency due to chronic illness (pathogen attacks the body = body def
Summarize Deficiency Syndrome.
Duration: long (chronic)
Constitution: weak
Spirit: lassitude
Voice: low voice, weak breath
Pain: alleviated by pressure
Distention: on and off
Fever: 5 centre heat
Aversion to cold: fear of cold, alleviated by warmth
T: tender, fine coating, scanty or no coating
Pulse: without strength
Summarize Excessive Syndrome.
Duration: short (new illness)
Constitution: strong
Spirit: excited
Voice: loud voice, harsh breath
Pain: aggravated by pressure
Distention: non stop
Fever: fever all over
Aversion to cold: aversion to cold, not alleviated by heat
T: tough, coarse texture, greasy coating
P: with strength
What are the Key Points to Distinguish False and True Manifestations of Excessive and Deficiency Syndromes?
- Strength and spirit of the pulse
- Tongue - body: tender-thick / coating: thick-none
- Voice - low or loud
- Body constitution, cause, duration, healing process of illness
What is Yin and Yang?
The leading principle of the 8 Principle Differentiation.
Yang = exterior, excess, heat
Yin = interior, deficiency, cold
Clinical Manifestation of Yin Syndrome.
*Refer to deficiency, cold, interior
- Pale dull face, heavy body, cold limbs
- Poor appetite, bland taste no thirst
- Abundant clear urine, loose or fishy smelly stool
T: pale tongue, puffy and tender
P: deep and slow pulse, weak, thready, choppy
Clinical Manifestation of Yang Syndrome.
- Red face, hot skin
- Irritability, constipation
- Loud voice, hoarse breath
T: crimson (deep-red) tongue, dark or yellow coating
P: overflowing, slippery, or rapid pulse
Summarize Yin Depletion Syndrome.
Sweat: hot sweat, salty taste, sticky
Limbs: warm
Tongue: red, dry
Pulse: thready, rapid with strength
Ohers: fever, irritability, thirst; prefers cold drinks
Summarize Yang Depletion Syndrome.
Sweat: profuse cold sweat, neutral taste
Limbs: cold
Tongue: white, moist
Pulse: thready, tiny, hard to feel
Others: cold body, lie curl up, fatigue, no thirst; prefers hot drinks
When does Yin Depletion occur?
Happens during the disturbance of water and electrolyte metabolism, high fever with profuse sweating, vomiting, dehydration, blood loss
