EIDM CONCEPT CLASS Flashcards
Quantitative research designs
identify, define, and measure factors that contribute to a disorder or disease, it examines the research among other factors or determine what is caused by something else
Randomized Control Trials
Quantitative research designs that compare two groups are used to answer questions about the effectiveness of prevention or therapy/ treatment
Strongest quantitative research design is a
RCT (randomized control trial)
Cohort Analytic Studies
provides weaker evidence to answer the questions about the effectiveness of prevention or treatment/therapy questions
CAS studies
- longitudinally comparing two groups
- Participants are not assigned through random allocation
CAS
A cohort analytic study may be more ethical, participants will be able to choose to use indoor tanning beds (experimental) or not to use indoor tanning beds (control). It would be hard to keep patients involved in the study and would cost a lot of money to go for a long time
case-control studies
- to answer the question before
- observational studies that begin by identifying participants who have the outcome of interest and participants w.o then looking back in time to see whether the participants had the risk factors or casual factors associated with the outcome
how is case control different
This is different than a RCT or cohort analytic study design where participants are selected to bein the study and followed forward prospectively in time to see if they develop the outcome
Which is the least rigorous study design to answer questions about
- The least rigorous study design to answer questions about the cause of a problem is a cross sectional study
Systematic Review
Synonymous with syntheses a research summary of all evidence that relates to a particular question
cohort studies
a study in which a group of people wjo do not have evidence of the outcome of interest but are exposed to the presumed cause are followed in time to see if they develop the outcome; there is no comparison group
- no random allocation
If your question is about
The effectiveness of a prevention or treatment/therapy interventions
Randomized Control Trial (RCT)
Cohort-Analytic Study
The cause/etiology of a problem/condition/disease
Randomized Control Trial (RCT)
Cohort-Analytic Study (for rare exposure with common outcome)
Case-Control Study (for rare outcome with common exposure)
Cross-Sectional Study
The course/prognosis of a problem/condition/disease/situation
Cohort Study
Case-Control Study
case control
Useful for studying rare outcomes and common exposures
cohort study
Best quality of evidence for evaluating risk factorsand prognostic factors
Phenomenology
Questions about the Lived Experience
“what is the meaning”
“what is it like”
“what is the experience of”
Phenomenology
identifies participants who are living with the experience or have lived the experience in the past and then interviews or observes participants to identify themes to describe the meaning of the lived experience.
Ethnography
Study the meanings, patterns, norms, and values, that influence the experiences or patterns of behaviour of a defined cultural group in a holistic fashion to provide a description and interpretation of cultural behaviour.
culture
Culture can be defined as a specific ethnic population, but also as a society, a community, an organization, a spatial location, or a social world
An example can be the culture of “homeless youth”
grounded theory
questions about social processes
examples of grounded theory questions
How do obstetricians and gynecologists identify and intervene with patients who are victims of domestic violence?
How do individuals with type I diabetes describe and process chronic illness?
What is the process of recovery from substance abuse in a long-term residential therapeutic community?
How do families manage the experience of mental illness?
What are the beliefs and experiences of adolescents related to quitting smoking
What aspects of the hospital environment affect patients’ feelings about control and comfort?
grounded theory
The process that shape behavior and interaction
Ethnographic Study
The cultural knowledge, norms, values that influence experiences or patterns of behavior within a culture
The aim of phenomenology approach is to…
DESCRIBE accurately the lived experiences of people and not to generate theories or models of the phenomena being studied.
The goal of ethnography is to…
LEARN about a culture from the people who live in that culture.
Purpose of grounded theory is to…
DISCOVER the social-psychological processes.
Inductive reasoning
uses data to generate ideas
deductive reasoning
begins with the idea and uses the data to confirm or negate the idea
Ground ethno
25-50
Pheno
<10
Qualitative Studys: Types of information
- observation
- interviews
- documents
- audiovisual material
Qualitative Study: Homogeneous sampling
- participants provide similar stories and experiences on the phenomenon
Qualitative Study: Heterogeneous sampling
-participants provide different stories and experiences regarding a phenomenon
Qaulitative Study: Snowball Sampling
- no sample frame exists
- access to a particular group may be difficult for cultural or social reasons
Qualitative Sampling: Theoretical Sampling
aims to seek out data that can challenge a theory and help develop other ideas and hypotheses
Which type of sampling is grounded theory associated with?
theoretical sampling
Qualitative: Investigator Triangulation
Requires that > 1 investigator collect and analyse the data, such that the findings emerge through consensus between or among investigators. This is typically accomplished by an investigative team. Inclusion of team members from different disciplines helps to prevent personal or disciplinary biases of a single researcher from excessively influencing the findings.
Qualitative: Theory Triangulation
Is a process whereby emergent findings are examined in relation to existing social science theories. It is conventional for authors to report how their qualitative findings relate to prevailing social theory, although some qualitative researchers suggest that such theories should not be used to guide the research design or analysis.
Qualitative: Member Checking
Some researchers seek clarification and further explanation of their developing analytic framework from study participants, a step known as member checking. Most commonly, researchers specify that member checking was done to inquire whether participants’ viewpoints were faithfully interpreted, to determine whether there are gross errors of fact, and to ascertain whether the account makes sense to participants with different perspectives.
What do cross sectional designs examine?
- examines a characteristic and the outcome of interest in participants at one point in time, sometimes referred to as a survey study
What is measured at the same point in time within cross sectional designs?
- examines a characteristic and the outcome of interest in participants at one point in time, sometimes referred to as a survey study
- Data on exposure and outcome are collected/ measured at the same point in time, on the same participants
What can cross sectional designs only tell us about?
It is important to note that these studies can only tell us about associations between exposures and outcomes
What can cross sectional designs only tell us about?
It is important to note that these studies can only tell us about associations between exposures and outcomes
Quantitative Studies only using one group are called
- case study
- cross sectional
Quantitative studies using two groups:
- Cohort analytic
- case control study
- RCT
- cohort study
Which studies in quantitative studies use participants who have been exposed or had particular treatment?
cohort study
Which studies in quantitative studies choose participants based on having the particular outcome or not?
case control study
Which study in quantitative studies have only one individual involved?
case study
Which study has only one group with more than one person being involved?
cross sectional study
Which study is experimental when people are randomly allocated?
-RCT
Which study involves non experimental studies with people being allocated but not randomly
cohort analytic
Which studies examine the effectiveness of a prevention or treatment/therapy interventions?
- RCT
- cohort analytic
Which studies examine the cause/etiology of a problem/condition/disease
- RCT
- CAS
- Case control study
- cross sectional study
Which studies examines the course/prognosis of a problem/condition/disease/situation?
- cohort study
- case control study
